I spend many hours researching each profile prior to publication. Some have a development period of just a few days, while others have sat in various stages of completion for more than a year. I often work on a piece until I hit a wall, and then shift gears while I wait for a solution. As this project approached the five-year mark, I decided to present some work in its incomplete, unpolished state. As an article is finished, I will publish a full-length article and remove it from this page.

The reasons each story is on hold varies. In many cases, I am waiting for my next visit to the National Archives in College Park, Maryland, to obtain unit records which contextualize the servicemember’s experiences, or photos to better illustrate the piece. In other cases, I am waiting to obtain morning reports or personnel files that may shed light on a servicemember’s career. In a few cases, I’m stumped by a mystery and fear publishing inaccurate information.

One of the motivations in presenting these briefs is the hopes that family members of the fallen—or somebody with information about the man or his unit—may stumble across them and provide assistance in getting them across the finish line. Bibliographies and acknowledgments have been omitted until final publication. Completed articles are removed from this page.

1st Lieutenant Harry M. First (1915–1944)

*Harry First in a photo from a scrapbook belonging to his brother, Joseph. Based on the ribbons, it was likely taken in Italy in 1944. (Courtesy of Dan First and the First family)*

Early Life & Family

Harry Matthew First was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on October 5, 1915. He was the son of Philip First (c. 1877–1948) and Sarah First (née Gurevtiz, Guriwitz, or Horwitz?, c. 1886–1945), Jewish immigrants who had been born in the Russian Empire in what is now Lithuania. He had an older brother, three older sisters, a younger sister, and a younger brother.

A vaccination record for First dated June 18, 1919, indicates that he was living with his family in Bradford, Pennsylvania. His father was a rabbi. From 1919 to 1928, Rabbi First served at Congregation B’Nai Abraham in Meriden, Connecticut, before moving to Wilmington, Delaware, where he led Congregation Chesed Shel Emeth at 227 Shipley Street until he retired in January 1944.

On May 8, 1928, First’s parents purchased a home at 412 North Franklin Street. Available records suggest that First lived there until he entered the service.

After graduating from Wilmington High School on June 22, 1932, First enrolled in the University of Delaware in nearby Newark. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree on June 8, 1936. The Wilmington Morning News noted that he was among a handful of students “who graduated with honors in course.”

First was recorded on the census in April 1940 living with his family. His occupation was listed as stenographer.

When First registered for the draft on October 16, 1940, he was working for the Kiel Motor Company at 11th and Tatnall Streets. The registrar described him as standing five feet, seven inches tall and weighing 145 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes. First was Kiel’s budget manager prior to entering the service.

Military Career

While at the University of Delaware, First participated in two years of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program.

First volunteered for the Army Air Forces (A.A.F.), enlisting in Trenton, New Jersey, on May 26, 1942. His enlistment data card suggests he joined the Air Corps Reserve and did not go on active duty until November. He volunteered for aircrew training and was accepted as an aviation cadet.

Beginning on November 15, 1942, Aviation Cadet First was attached to Aviation Cadet Squadron 107 while he was assessed at the A.A.F. Classification Center in San Antonio, Texas. First was selected for pilot training. It appears he joined the 883rd Pre-Flight Training Squadron (Pilot) at the Army Air Forces Pre-Flight School, San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center on December 15, 1942.

First passed his preflight training. On February 17, 1943, he began his primary pilot training attached to the 304th Army Air Forces Flying Training Detachment at Coleman Field, Texas. Pilot training was intensive and attrition was significant. According to his flight records, First accumulated 13 hours, four minutes of flight time in February and March 1943 in PT training aircraft. He continued his training with the 304th until March 23, 1943, when he was transferred back to the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center. Promising aviation cadets who did not pass pilot training often transferred to bombardier or navigators training programs, while others ended up training as gunners.

On April 14, 1943, Aviation Cadet First was transferred to Squadron “D,” A.A.F. Gulf Coast Training Center Pool, San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center. The pool’s Assignment Memo No. 5 indicates he was now a prospective navigator.

On May 13, 1943, Aviation Cadet First was dispatched to the Army Air Forces Navigation School at Hondo Army Air Field, Texas. Upon reporting there, he was attached unassigned to Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, 88th Nav Training Group. According to his flight records, between May 14 and September 16 First accumulated 96 hours and 45 minutes of flight time as a student navigator in Beechcraft AT-7 and Lockheed B-34 aircraft, including 28 hours and 20 minutes at night. On September 15, 1943, after finishing navigator training, First was honorably discharged as a formality to accept a commission as a 2nd lieutenant effective the following day.

A set of orders came down on September 17, 1943, from Headquarters Army Air Forces Navigation School, Hondo Arm Air Field, Hondo, Texas, transferring 2nd Lieutenant First to the 470th Bombardment Group (Heavy)—an operational training unit at Mountain Home Army Air Field, Idaho—with a report date no later than September 30. On September 26, while still en route to join, First was attached to the group’s 800th Bomb Squadron (Heavy). His unit was equipped with the Consolidated B-24 Liberator four-engine bomber. On October 4, 1943, Lieutenant First underwent mask fitting and then passed a test involving 30 minutes in a chamber that simulated high altitude.

Even stateside training was hazardous. On October 23, 15 men from the 800th Bomb Squadron were killed in a midair collision.

By November 13, 1943, 2nd Lieutenant First had joined a crew led by 2nd Lieutenant Richard E. Avery (1918–1981), who had joined the 800th Bomb Squadron on October 19. On November 13, the Avery crew was transferred to the 399th Bombardment Group (Heavy) at Wendover Field, Utah, with a report date of on or about November 14. However, on November 25, they were detached from the 399th Bomb Group and dispatched back to the 470th Bomb Group at Mountain Home. On November 27, First’s crew was attached to the group’s 801st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy).

On December 7, 1943, First and his crew were detached from the 801st Bomb Squadron and transferred to the 461st Bombardment Group (Heavy) at Hammer Field, Fresno, California. There, on December 10, they joined the group’s 765th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) as Crew 25, replacing the previous ill-fated Crew 25 led by Charles W. Turvey (1921–1943), which vanished in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during a training flight on December 5. The wreckage of their plane, which crashed in a remote part of Kings Canyon National Park, California, was not discovered until 1960.

By the end of 1943, First had another 78 hours and 30 minutes of flight time under his belt, for a total of 175 hours and 15 minutes (including his time as a student navigator).

A 461st Bomb Group history noted that the unit went overseas with 70 crews but only 62 aircraft, with priority given to crews that had completed their training first. First’s crew, which had joined the group only that month, were not assigned a plane. The group history stated that the members of the eight crews, except their first pilot, “were assigned to the ground echelon for the overseas movement.” Although Lieutenant Avery appeared in a Crew 25 photo dated December 17, 1943, his name did not appear on a list of the group’s first pilots compiled at the end of the month. That suggested that Avery had been replaced as First’s crew’s pilot by Glenial Fulks (1921–1944), whom they flew in combat with, though Avery remained in the squadron until July 21, 1944. Fulks was originally with Crew 31 but flew in combat with Crew 25.

The ground echelon, including Lieutenant First, left Hammer Field by rail on December 31, 1943. After staging at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia, the ground echelon of the 765th Bomb Squadron boarded S.S. George S. Hanly at the nearby Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on January 12, 1944. He officially entered foreign service on January 13, 1944. Their convoy entered the Mediterranean Sea on January 31, and weathered an air raid the following day. (Confirm it was with convoy). After a few days in port at Augusta, Sicily, the ship moved to Naples, Italy, where the ground echelon of the 765th finally disembarked on February 15, and went into staging at Bagnoli.

Meanwhile, the air echelon of the 765th Bomb Squadron crossed the country in late January 1944, then departed Morrison Field, West Palm Beach, Florida. After intermediate stops in the British West Indies, Brazil, French West Africa, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, they arrived at Torretta, Italy, on February 23.

On February 23, the 765’s ground echelon began a long, roundabout journey by truck and train, and were finally reunited with the air echelon at Torretta the following day. The 461st Bomb Group was assigned to the 55th Bombardment Wing, Fifteenth Air Force, but moved to the 49th Bombardment Wing on March 14.

Combat Over Europe

When the 461st Bomb Group arrived, Torretta was in poor condition with limited facilities. The contemporary 765th Bomb Squadron history for March 1944 stated: “Everyone worked together in perfect unison to get the planes, equipment, and crew in condition to perform combat missions. Several Squadron and Group practice missions were flown during the month.”

Living conditions were spartan at first, with most of the men living in tents heated with improvised oil stoves. They converted agricultural buildings in the vicinity to quarters and club rooms.

Although they shared many of the same dangers, bomber crews in the Fifteenth Air Force had longer tours of duty than the better known United Kingdom-based Eighth Air Force. From fields in Italy, the Fifteen Air Force could hit targets in the German Reich, occupied countries in southern Europe, and the Axis countries of Hungary and Romania. Although missions varied, the 461st Bomb Group’s most frequent targets involved oil refineries, railroad marshalling yards, and airfields.

First’s flight records state that he flew five times in March, totaling 19 hours and 50 minutes, but not the type of flight. Although a squadron history mentioned that “the first bomb upon Italian soil for the 765th” was dropped on March 18, another stated that the 461st Bomb Group’s first combat mission did not take place until April 2, against “the Bihac Marshalling Yards in North Western Yugoslavia.” First’s flight records notes that he participated in a five hour, 45 minute flight that day, suggesting that he participated in this “freshman mission.”

During April 1944, First flew 10 times, totaling 48 hours and 20 minutes. Based on squadron records, seven were probably combat missions. Bad weather over targets interfered with bombing several times, but enemy resistance tended to be light. His squadron lost two planes and 14 men that month.

There was an uptick in operational tempo in May 1944. First’s missions were mostly greater in duration than in April. He participated in 12 flights totaling 85 hours, 50 minutes, all of them probably combat missions. His squadron lost two more crews that month. First’s last mission of the month was a nearly nine-hour mission against the Concordia Vega refinery at Ploești, Romania. In 1943, Ploești’s refineries became infamous when they became the target of the costly low-altitude raid by B-24s known as Operation Tidal Wave. It was not a knockout blow, and less costly high-altitude raids continued against the Ploești refineries.

June 1944 was a slower month, partially due to poor weather. After a mission on June 4, the same day Rome fell, 2nd Lieutenant First got a break. On June 5, 1944, he and his crew went on temporary duty for a week at a rest camp on Capri. They returned to duty on June 13. That month, First logged seven flights, totaling 42 hours, 40 minutes in the air, including five probable combat missions attacking targets in Hungary, Romania, France, and Germany. His squadron participated in 16 combat missions that month with no losses except one man wounded in action.

During July 1944 the 461st Bomb Group flew long missions against targets in Italy, Hungary, France, Romania, Austria, and Germany. First was promoted to 1st lieutenant effective July 16. According to his flight records, Lieutenant First flew 13 times that month, totaling about 86 hours including estimated flight time on his final mission. That gave him about 329 hours and 15 minutes of flight time, not counting the 13 hours logged during his pilot training. 12 of his flights that month were probably combat missions.

July 1944 was a tough month, and not just because of the usual problems caused by weather. That month, Lieutenant First survived two of his unit’s most difficult missions to date. The mission to Nîmes, France, on July 12 was heavily opposed by enemy fighters and the 461st Bomb Group lost four crews, though none of them were from First’s squadron. On July 22, during the attack on the Româno-Americană oil refinery at Ploești, the lead plane was hit by antiaircraft fire and two engines damaged, resulting in the bombardier jettisoning his bombs. Unfortunately, the rest of the group had orders to drop their ordnance on cue from the lead bombardier, resulting in the entire group releasing short of the target. That mission, the 461st Bomb Group lost one crew over enemy territory. Another crew, from First’s squadron, nursed their stricken B-24 back to friendly territory and bailed out, with officer killed when his parachute did not open in time. Frustrating as these two missions were, the 461st Bomb Group’s most disastrous mission was still to come.

Final Mission

The 765th Bomb Squadron history stated that on July 25, 1944, “The men were briefed to hit the German Goering Tank Works at Linz, Austria, and also that this would be a rough mission, with lots of flak and fighters.” Rough undersold just how bad this mission would be.

That morning, First took off aboard a B-24H piloted by 1st Lieutenant Fulks and 2nd Lieutenant Warren O. Ludlum (1923–2009). The plane, A.A.F. serial number 42-52368, was 461st Bomb Group Ship No. 34, nicknamed Piecemaker. 10-men bomber crews often had men from all over the country, but this crew was particularly diverse. They had entered the service from seven states—Pennsylvania, Delaware, Illinois, California, Kentucky, Indiana, and New York—and the Panama Canal Zone. Two were immigrants: Staff Sergeant Di Martino and Staff Sergeant Morris Krivitsky (1913–1944), a top turret gunner who had immigrated from the Soviet Union and who had already been wounded by flak the month before. Two were Jewish, Lieutenant First and Sergeant Krivitsky.

This fateful day, the weather was far better than during previous missions: ceiling and visibility unlimited. This would make it easier for the bombers to find the target, but it also made it easier for the Germans to intercept them.

21 B-24s from the 461st Bomb Group had begun their bomb run when approximately 25 twin-engine and 125 single-engine German fighters pounced. The contemporary 461st Bomb Group history stated:

Taking advantage of the fact that most of the planes flown by new crews did not have their ball turret down on the bomb run, the twin engine planes came up under the lead flight of the formation and began throwing rockets through the open bomb bay doors. The first plane to go down was Major [William] Burke’s lead plane. Instead of packing the formation in close, the inexperienced bomber pilots spread the formation. Captain Franklin, 1st Lt. Henry, Lt. King, Lt. Sullivan, and Lt. Gizelba, flying the deputy lead plane, salvoed [jettisoned] their bombs and attempted to rally the formation. By this time, however, the single engine fighters, still attacking low but now from the rear, picked off planes in the straggling formation. Eleven bombers were knocked down as parachutes, tracers, rockets, enemy fighters, and exploding bombers filled the air with confusion.

The group history was unequivocal in calling the mission the “Linz catastrophe.” 11 B-24s from the 461st Bomb Group were shot down and their crews killed or captured. Another crew managed to bail out from their heavily damaged bomber over friendly territory. Three B-24s that made it back were so badly damaged that they were written off. The group history stated that among the 113 men lost on the mission, “seven officers and nine enlisted men were flying their fiftieth sortie.” This was particularly unfortunate for them since 50 missions were required to complete a tour of duty and be rotated back to the U.S. The report ruefully added: “For the first time in its history, enemy fighters successfully turned back the 461st Group short of its target.”

Three of the lost crews were from the 765th Bomb Squadron, including First’s. The squadron history stated:

With out a doubt this was the BLACKEST DAY for the Squadron. Of the six ships that made it to the target area, only one was able to make it back to the field, and one was able to land at Foggia. […] The story that the two returning crews told was that approximately 150 to 170 fighters jumped them just before they started over the target. Things happened so fast, and there was [sic] so many ships falling that the men had no time to watch other ships or much of anything else. They were busy shooting at ME’s and FW’s.

The day after the mission, Technical Sergeant Hugh G. Baker (1923–1989) made the following statement:

On 25 July 1944 I saw ship number 34, type B-24-H go down in flames. The wing seemed to be a solid sheet of fire with the flames streaming back past the tail. It turned over on its back completely out of control. That is all I saw. The time was about 11:20. I saw no one bail out.

Another member of Baker’s crew, Sergeant Warren H. Moss (1921–1983), made a similar statement:

On 25 July 1944 at approximately 11:20 hours I saw ship number 34 type B-24-H go down in flames. The wings were a solid sheet of fire with flames streaming back past the tail. It turned over out of control. I did not see any chutes but it is possible for them to have gotten out later.

According to German records, the B-24 crashed about 14 miles east of Linz at 1107 hours. Remarkably, three members of the crew successfully bailed out and survived as prisoners of war. After the surrender of Nazi Germany, military authorities distributed questionnaires to survivors of downed aircraft in an attempt to determine the fates of aircrew still missing. It appears that only the right waist gunner, George Diamond (1923–1991), was interviewed, or at least his responses were the only ones to be attached to Missing Air Crew Report No. 7110.

Technical Sergeant (then Staff Sergeant) Diamond recalled that he jumped or was thrown through a hole in the fuselage made by an explosion. Diamond only had firsthand knowledge of the left waist gunner, Staff Sergeant Di Martino, who “hit very badly while at his guns” and was badly wounded or dead before the plane crashed. Diamond relayed that while leaving the flight deck to bail out the copilot, 2nd Lieutenant Ludlum, saw First lying on the floor of the radio compartment, apparently already dead. Diamond stated that Ludlum told him that shells from enemy fighters piercing the front of the aircraft and hearing shells (or shell fragments) bouncing off the armor behind the pilot seats. He believed that the exploding shells had killed Lieutenant First as well as the top turret gunner, Sergeant Krivitsky, and that ball turret gunner Staff Sergeant Fred C. Duzan, Jr. (1920–1944) had been trapped in his turret.

Journal-Every Evening reported that Lieutenant First was missing in action on August 11, 1944, and confirmed his death on September 28, 1944.

During his service, Lieutenant First earned the Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart.

Crew on July 25, 1944

The following list was adopted from Missing Air Crew Report No. 7110 with grade, name, service number, position, and status (killed or captured).

1st Lieutenant Glenial Fulks, O-676774 (pilot) – K.I.A.

2nd Lieutenant Warren O. Ludlum, O-813535 (copilot) – P.O.W.

1st Lieutenant Harry M. First, O-691975 (navigator) – K.I.A.

Flight Officer Robert B. Stewart, T-1573 (bombardier) – K.I.A.

Staff Sergeant Walter R. Jaske, 36740606 (nose turret gunner) – K.I.A.

Staff Sergeant Morris Krivitsky, 33310332 (top turret gunner) – K.I.A.

Staff Sergeant Fred C. Duzan, Jr., 15062921 (ball turret gunner) – K.I.A.

Staff Sergeant George Diamond, 12187570 (right waist gunner) – P.O.W.

Staff Sergeant Louis Di Martino, 13153198 (left waist gunner) – K.I.A.

Staff Sergeant Peter N. Godino, 7021152 (tail gunner) – P.O.W.

Lieutenant First’s Combat Missions

This list of probable combat missions, all in 1944, was compiled by comparing First’s flight records—which do not distinguish training or administrative flights from operational ones—to missions flown by his unit. Of course, he theoretically could have flown a training or administrative flight on the same day that his group flew a combat mission. This list may contain outdated or erroneous spellings, as American records often mangled foreign place names.

April 2: Bihac Marshalling Yards, Yugoslavia
April 5: Nis Marshalling Yards, Yugoslavia
April 12: Zagreb Marshalling Yards, Yugoslavia
April 16: Belgrade Zomun Airdrome, Yugoslavia (alternate after poor weather over Brasov Airdrome, Romania)
April 17: Belgrade Zomun Airdrome, Yugoslavia
April 21: Chitila Marshalling Yards, Bucharest, Romania
April 23: Bad Voslau Airdrome, Austria
May 2: La Spezia Harbor, Italy
May 7: Bucharest, Romania
May 12: Marina di Carrara Marshalling Yards, Italy
May 14: Padua Marshalling Yards, Italy
May 18: Belgrade Zomun Airdrome, Yugoslavia
May 22: Piombino Harbor, Italy
May 23: Subiaco Road Junction, Italy
May 25: Carnoules Marshalling Yards, France
May 26: Lyon-Vaise Marshalling Yards, France
May 29: Wiener Neustadt Werke 1, Austria
May 30: Wels Aircraft Factory, Austria
May 31: Concordia Vega Oil Refinery, Ploești, Romania
June 2: Szolnok Marshalling Yards, Hungary
June 14: Szony Oil Storage, Hungary
June 23: Giurgiu Oil Storage, Romania
June 25: Avignon East Marshalling Yards, France
June 30: Blechhammer South Synthetic Oil Plant, Germany
July 3: Bucharest Mogasaia Oil Storage, Romania
July 6: Aviano Oil Storage, Italy
July 8: Korneuburg Oil Refinery, Austria
July 11: Toulon Harbor, France
July 12: Nîmes Marshalling Yards, France
July 15: Creditul Minier Oil Refinery, Ploești, Romania
July 16: Wiener Neudorf Aircraft Engine Factory, Austria
July 18: Manzell Dornierwereke Aircraft Components Factory, Friedrichshafen, Germany
July 21: Brux Synthetic Oil Refinery, Czechoslovakia
July 22: Româno-Americană Oil Refinery, Ploești, Romania
July 24: Troop concentrations around Pljevlja, Prejepolje, Sjenica, and Adrijevica, Yugoslavia
July 25: Herman Goering Tank Works, Linz, Austria

Staff Sergeant Louis Di Martino (1922–1944)

Early Life & Family

Louis Di Martino was born Luigi Di Martino in Lama dei Peligni, Chieti, Italy, on April 11, 1922. It appears that he was the first child of Filippo Di Martino (1897–1988) and Giovannina or Giovanna Di Martino (née Laudadio, 1898–1936).

Soon after Di Martino was born, his father, a World War I veteran later known as Philip DiMartino, emigrated to United States. He sailed from Naples, arrived in New York City on November 1, 1922, and joined family already living in Providence, Rhode Island. By December 15, 1927, when the elder Di Martino petitioned for naturalization, he had settled at 15 Windmill Street in Providence and was working as a laborer. He was living at the same address when wife and son joined him the following summer.

On July 17, 1928, Di Martino and his mother obtained visas at Naples, Italy, to immigrate to the United States. The following day, they left Naples aboard S.S. Conte Grande. They arrived in New York City on July 27, 1927. It appears that she adopted the name Jennie after immigrating.

It is unclear when the Di Martino family moved to Delaware. It must have been prior to February 8, 1936, when Journal-Every Evening reported that Di Martino’s mother, “Mrs. Giovanna DiMartino, 37, wife of Philip DiMartino, of 2317 West Second street, died yesterday in St. Francis’ Hospital of complications following the birth of a child Tuesday. The baby died at birth.”

Di Martino is most likely the Louis Di Martino whom Journal-Every Evening reported had been awarded a certificate after completing a first aid class from the American Red Cross at Baynard Junior High School in Wilmington on January 23, 1937. The following year, DiMartino graduated from Bayard on June 14, 1938.

Di Martino was likely living at 1915 West 8th Street in Wilmington as of January 2, 1938. That was the address listed when Philip Di Martino remarried to Norina Dal Gesso (née Angelini, 1911–1972), herself a widow with two sons.

Di Martino was recorded on the census in April 1940 living at 722 Douglass Street in Wilmington with his stepmother and two stepbrothers. His father was working as a laborer at a mill.

Journal-Every Evening reported that Di Martino “was a graduate of Brown Vocational High School and worked as a welder at the Harlan Plant of the Bethlehem Steel Company” prior to entering the military. On the other hand, his enlistment data card stated that he had completed only two years of high school.

When Di Martino registered for the draft on June 30, 1942, he was still living at 722 Douglass Street and working at the Bethlehem Steel Company’s Harlan Plant. The registrar described him as standing about five feet, nine inches tall and weighing 155 lbs., with brown hair and eyes.

Di Martino’s enlistment data card stated he was a U.S. citizen prior to entering the military.

Military Career

Di Martino volunteered for the Army Air Forces (A.A.F.), enlisting as a private in Philadelphia on November 7, 1942. Information submitted by his family to the Public Archives Commission suggests he attended basic training at Miami Beach, Florida. The family also stated he was in California. There are few details about the first few months of Di Martino’s military career, but he volunteered for air crew training.

Private Di Martino was stationed at Lowry Field, Denver, Colorado, possibly while attending technical training, prior to being dispatched to Nevada. On July 5, 1943, he was attached to Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, 326th Flexible Gunnery Training Group to attend the A.A.F. Flexible Gunnery School, Las Vegas Army Air Field, Nevada. Upon graduation on August 21, 1943, he was promoted to sergeant and reclassified with the military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) of 612, airplane armorer-gunner. The same orders transferred him to the 18th Replacement Wing at the Army Air Base, Salt Lake City, Utah, though they were not effective immediately. Curiously, another set of orders issued on August 23 revoked the promotion for Di Martino and five other men, while leaving the transfer and change of M.O.S. intact.

Private DiMartino was detached from the 326th Flexible Gunnery Training Group at 1800 hours on August 24, 1943. At 1130 hours the following day, he reported at Salt Lake City with a group of 271 enlisted men from Las Vegas.

A set of orders from Headquarters 18th Replacement Wing dated September 1, 1943, dispatched Di Martino to the 29th Bombardment Group (Heavy) at Gowen Field, Boise, Idaho. By September 3, when he was attached to Headquarters Detachment, 29th Bomb Group (Heavy), he had been promoted back to sergeant. He was detached on September 13 and transferred with a group of enlisted men to the 470th Bomb Group (Heavy) at the Army Air Base, Mountain Home, Idaho. The following day, he was officially attached to the group’s 800th Bomb Squadron (Heavy). At the end of the month, 2nd Lieutenant Harry M. First (1915–1944), another man from Wilmington, was attached to the squadron. Eventually, they would be assigned to the same crew.

By October 21, 1943, Sergeant Di Martino had been assigned to a crew, but it was not yet a full crew, lacking at least a lead pilot. On that date, Di Martino was dispatched by train to the Army Air Base, Wendover Field, Utah, for the “purpose of attending approx. thirty (30) day Gunnery Course[.]”

By November 13, 1943, when Di Martino finished the course, both 2nd Lieutenant First and a lead pilot, 2nd Lieutenant Richard E. Avery (1918–1981), had been assigned to the crew. On that date, his crew was attached to the 399th Bombardment Group (Heavy) at Wendover Field, with a report date of on or about November 14. It appears that Di Martino and the other gunners waited at Wendover for the rest of their crew rather than first returning to Mountain Home. Regardless, were at Wendover only a short time longer. On November 25, the crew was detached from the 399th Bomb Group and dispatched back to the 470th Bomb Group at Mountain Home. On November 27, the Avery crew was attached to the group’s 801st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy).

Combat in the European Theater

Di Martino was promoted to staff sergeant on June 1, 1944.

After the war, Diamond recalled that the last words he heard Di Martino say were, “Fighters, George, on your side.” Diamond stated that even before the plane went down, Di Martino “had been hit very badly while at his guns” and “had been lying in a pool of blood[.]” He wrote that even before the B-24 broke up, “I believe he was dead for he wasn’t moving at all and his clothes were in shreds.”

On August 11, 1944, Journal-Every Evening reported that Staff Sergeant Di Martino and Lieutenant First were missing in action when their B-24 went down over Austria. Although First’s death was confirmed the following month, it was not until a year after their deaths, on August 4, 1945, that the paper reported that Di Martino had also been killed.

Journal-Every Evening reported on September 14, 1945: “A high requiem mass will be said for Staff Sergt. Louis DiMartino Sunday morning [September 16,] at 9 o’clock in St. Anthony’s Church.” Later that month, on September 29, 1945, the paper reported: “A memorial mass for Staff Sergt. Louis di Martino will be said at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning at St. Anthony’s R. C. Church at the request of cousins and uncles living in Providence, R. I.”

During his military career, Di Martino earned the Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters and the Good Conduct Medal. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart.

Private 1st Class Joseph N. Faulkner (1921–1944)

*Joseph N. Faulkner (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Joseph Nathaniel Faulkner was born in Newport, Delaware, on November 5, 1921. He was the second child of William Wilkins Faulkner (a laborer who went by his middle name, 1892–1946) and Jane Faulkner (née Rhoades, 1896–1925). He had an older sister, Helen May Faulkner (later Mitchell, 1918–2010), and a younger brother, William Wilkins Faulkner (1925–1932). He also had a younger half-brother and a half-sister born after his death.

The family was still living in Newport when Faulkner’s younger brother was born on March 29, 1925. Tragedy struck the family soon after, a complication of childbirth. Around May 1, his mother suffered a pelvic abscess following surgery. She died at the Delaware Hospital in Wilmington on May 11, aged 29.

The next census in April 1930 found Faulkner living with his older sister, younger brother, and uncle with his maternal grandparents, Joseph Henry Rhoades (1866–1946) and Mary Jane Rhoades (née Hickman, 1866–1934), on Duck Creek Road in unincorporated Kent County near Smyrna. Another tragedy struck the family when Faulkner’s younger brother drowned on August 12, 1932, aged seven.

Faulkner’s personnel file miraculously survived the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire, albeit with moderate heat and water damage.

When he volunteered for the U.S. Army, he gave his highest completed level of education as 8th grade. He disclosed that he had been a juvenile delinquent and that on October 24, 1934, shortly before his 13th birthday, he had been “Committed to Ferris Industrial School, Wilmington, Del.,[…] as a problem boy.” He stated that on October 28, 1940, not long before his 19th birthday, he was “Discharged with a good character.”

In March 1942, he told the Army he had been a leather worker for six months, earning $20 per week (about $415 in 2026 dollars). Prior to that, he had also worked as a farmhand, caring for horses.

Faulkner was living at 225 Parrish Street in Wilmington with his father and stepmother, Ellen Catherine Faulkner (née Burns, 1913–2004). when he registered for the draft on February 13, 1942. Curiously, the registrar recorded his date of birth as November 5, 1922. At the time, he was working for the Allied Kid Company at 4th and Monroe Streets in Wilmington. The registrar described him as standing about five feet, 10 inches tall and weighing 152 lbs., with blond hair, blue eyes, a “Small scar on left forefinger knuckle” and another “across right eyebrow.”

Faulkner was Protestant according to his military records.

Military Career

Faulkner volunteered for the U.S. Army in Wilmington when he was 20 years old, a few months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. At the time, the age of majority in the U.S. (and the minimum draft age) was 21, so Faulkner’s father consented to his son’s enlistment. On March 26, 1942, he underwent a physical exam in Newark, New Jersey. The physician described him as standing five feet, 8¾ inches tall and weighing 141 lbs., with blond hair and blue eyes, and scars on his left hand and scalp. The doctor also noted he had a slender build, good posture, and 20/20 vision. Faulkner disclosed no medical history aside from a prior concussion. The following day, March 27, he enlisted in Newark for the duration of the war plus six months. He was briefly attached unassigned to Company “B,” 1229th Reception Center, Fort Dix, New Jersey. He was subsequently dispatched to Fort Jackson, New Jersey.

Many soldiers were assigned directly to combat units for their basic training rather than attending at a replacement training center. On April 3, 1942, Private Faulkner joined Company “H,” 305th Infantry Regiment, 77th Infantry Division. His company was the 2nd Battalion heavy weapons company, with two .30 heavy machine gun platoons and an 81 mm mortar platoon. Their job was to provide a base of fire for the battalion’s three more lightly armed rifle companies.

On an unknown date after completing his training, Faulkner was rated as semiskilled with the military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) of gunner. The ink in his service record is somewhat faded but the code appears to be 607, mortar gunner. A subsequent entry, which appears to be dated August 1, 1942, listed another M.O.S., ammunition carrier, 504, rating him as skilled. In rifle companies, ammunition bearers served in rifle, mortar, and machine gun squads. Interestingly, he was rerated as skilled in his original M.O.S., gunner, on October 11, 1942.

On November 5, 1943, Faulkner was accused of disobeying a noncommissioned officer’s order to remain at the division headquarters building at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation. After conviction at a summary court martial, on November 12, he was sentenced to forfeit $33 of his pay (about $635 in 2026 dollars). He was also sentenced to be confined for one month performing hard labor, though this portion was suspended.

Faulkner passed a battery of tests in order to qualify for the Expert Infantryman Badge. This included qualifying with his crew-served weapon and grenades, completing a physical fitness test as well as nine-mile and 25-mile marches, and attending infiltration, close combat, and urban combat courses.

The section of Faulkner’s personnel file pertaining to weapons qualifications is heavily faded, apparently due to water damage from the 1973 fire. He qualified at the Sharpshooter level with the M1 carbine on October 11, 1943. At least one entry and possibly a second is illegible but both appear to be crossed out. The next entry indicates he performed a qualification course with the 81 mm mortar on or about February 18, 1944, but the result is too faded to make out. He qualified with the M1 Garand rifle at the Marksman level on April 11, 1944. There’s another entry dated April 20, 1944, pertaining to the .30 caliber heavy machine gun. His personnel file and morning reports list his last duty as ammunition bearer, but given his training in all the weapons used by his company, it is unclear if he was assigned to a machine gun or mortar squad.

Faulkner was awarded the Expert Infantryman Badge per Special Order No. 82, Headquarters 305th Infantry, dated June 10, 1944.

Combat in the Pacific Theater

Faulkner participated in the Battles of Guam and Leyte.

Faulkner was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge per Special Orders No. 113, Headquarters 305th Infantry, dated September 8, 1944.

During an engagement on December 15, 1944, Faulkner was shot in the abdomen. In a letter to Faulkner’s father, his company commander, Captain John G. Brahney, wrote in part:

During our final assault on 15 December 1944 to crack the General Yamashita line at Ormoc, Joseph was hit by rifle fire and grenade fragments. Before he was wounded, he had personally accounted for six Japanese soldiers and had seen the break-through of the Yamashita line completed.

Private 1st Class Faulkner was rushed to the 302nd Medical Battalion’s clearing station, then. On December 16, he was admitted to the 69th Field Hospital at Baybay. He was awarded the Purple Heart per General Orders No. 6, Headquarters 69th Field Hospital, dated December 16, 1944, two days prior to his death. Faulkner was initially buried, on the day he died, in a temporary military cemetery at Baybay on Leyte. He was reburied on August 9, 1945, at another cemetery on the island.

On January 26, 1945, Journal-Every Evening reported that Faulkner had been wounded on Leyte, adding: “His family received a Christmas card early in December but has had no word from him directly since that time.” It was only on February 7 that the paper reported that Faulkner had died of his wounds.

Faulkner’s personal effects included his billfold, a gold ring, seven snapshots, two Bulova watches, his Expert Infantryman Badge, and his Purple Heart.

After the war, in 1948, Faulkner’s sister, Helen May Mitchell—his next of kin following the death of his father—requested that his body be interred in a permanent overseas cemetery. In accordance with her wishes, his casket was buried for the final time on June 15, 1949, at the Fort William McKinley Cemetery, now known as the Manila American Cemetery.

Technical Sergeant Russell G. Moore (1924–1944)

*Russell G. Moore c. 1944. (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Russell Gordon Moore was born on South Main St in Smyrna, Delaware, on the morning of August 11, 1924. He was the son of L. Rollin Moore (1879–1962) and Bessie S. Moore (née Johnson, 1882–1960). His father was a shipping clerk. Moore was recorded on the census in April 1930 living on Main Street in Smyrna with his parents, older brother, and paternal grandmother. His father was described as a shipping clerk in the underwear business. The next census in April 1940 found Moore still living on Main Street with his parents. His father was described as a clerk at a hardware store and his mother as a seamstress in an underwear factory.

Moore’s enlistment data card described him as having completed three years of high school, though his father described him as a high school graduate in a statement for the Public Archives Commission.

Shortly after Moore turned 18, the President Roosevelt signed a bill into law lowering the draft age from 21 to 18. When he registered for the draft on December 15, 1942, Moore was living on South Main Street in Smyrna and was an unemployed student. The registrar described him as standing five feet, 7½ inches tall and weighing 150 lbs., with blond hair and blue eyes.

Military Career

Moore was drafted shortly after he turned 18 by Board No. 1, Kent County. He was inducted into the U.S. Army at Camden, New Jersey, on August 20, 1943. He went on active duty on September 10, 1943, and was attached unassigned to Company “B,” 1229th Reception Center, Fort Dix, New Jersey. By September 13, he had been classified. His specification serial number of 521, basic, meant that he had no civilian skills comparable to any military occupational specialty (M.O.S.). A set of orders came down that day transferring him to the 63rd Infantry Division at Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi. He departed Fort Dix by rail on September 14.

During World War II, many soldiers were assigned directly to combat units for their basic training rather than attending at a training center. On September 17, 1943, Private Moore joined Company “I,” 255th Infantry Regiment, 63rd Infantry Division. Moore was hospitalized at the base’s station hospital on December 29, 1943. He returned to duty on January 11, 1944. Moore’s personnel file was destroyed in the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire. No known surviving document lists his initial M.O.S., though he was most likely a rifleman or an automatic rifleman.

On February 7, 1944, Moore was in a group of 39 enlisted men from Company “I” transferred to the 83rd Infantry Division at Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky. The following day, he joined Company “E,” 331st Infantry Regiment, 83rd Infantry Division. He began a furlough on February 18, returning to duty on February 29. One month later, on March 29, the 331st Infantry departed Camp Breckinridge by rail, arriving the following day at Camp Shanks, New York. On April 5, Private Moore and his comrades shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation aboard the ocean liner-turned transport U.S.A.T. George Washington. They arrived in the United Kingdom on April 19. It was less than two months before the invasion of Normandy. While the 83rd Infantry Division would not be participating in D-Day, they continued intensive training in anticipation of being committed to the continent soon afterward.

The 331st Infantry shipped out from Southampton, England, on June 18, 1944, landing at Omaha Beach on June 23. The Normandy campaign had been raging for over two weeks.

Moore was promoted to private 1st class on June 1, 1944.

Combat in the European Theater

On July 5, 1944, Private 1st Class Moore performed actions that would later lead to him being decorated with the Silver Star. The citation stated in part:

In the course of a daylight patrol, the sergeant in charge was wounded when the patrol was fired upon by machine guns and automatic pistols. Staff Sergeant [sic] Moore immediately assumed command and, disregarding the bitter enemy fire, completed the mission. The information which he secured enabled the unit to accurately locate and destroy the enemy emplacements in the line of attack and assured the success of the operation. Staff Sergeant Moore’s exemplary performance of duty, resolute initiative and conspicuous courage reflect great credit upon himself and the finest traditions of the armed forces of the United States.

On July 15, 1944, Moore was promoted three grades to staff sergeant. His M.O.S. code changed to 653, squad leader. He was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge per General Orders No. 9, Headquarters 331st Infantry, dated July 21, 1944.

Remarkably, Moore was promoted again soon after. Moore was promoted to technical sergeant effective August 1, 1944, with his M.O.S. code changing to 651, platoon sergeant. Since the promotion was issued per Special Orders No. 63, Headquarters 331st Infantry, dated August 24 and backdated to August 1, that may suggest that he was already acting as platoon sergeant by the beginning of August. Although advancement in the enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army often was more rapid during World War II, it was still a remarkable achievement for a young soldier with less than a year of service. In just two months, Moore had jumped five grades from private to technical sergeant, assuming a position of great responsibility. The platoon sergeant was the senior noncommissioned officer in a platoon, reporting directly to the platoon commander and assuming his duties if that officer was absent or a casualty.

Moore celebrated his 20th birthday on August 11, 1944. He was awarded the Silver Star for his July actions per General Orders No. 28, Headquarters 83rd Infantry Division, dated August 22, 1944.

Technical Sergeant Moore was awarded the Good Conduct Medal per General Orders No. 18, Headquarters 331st Infantry, dated October 24, 1944.

On the morning of December 7, 1944, the 83rd Infantry Division relieved the 4th Infantry Division near Gressenich, Germany. The 331st Infantry took over for the 12th Infantry, deploying 1st Battalion on the left and Moore’s 2nd Battalion on the right. Initially, action was limited to patrolling, as the regiment probed German positions around Gey, Germany. American positions were regularly shelled by mortar and artillery fire.

According to the regimental after action report, 2nd Battalion began its attack on at 1630 hours on the evening of December 10, 1944:

Attack was met by scattered small arms fire and some mortar and artillery fire. During latter part of day enemy mortar and artillery fire increased. Friendly tanks have been unable to get into Gey due to bad roads. One (1) platoon of tanks was attempting to get into Gey from southwest through 330th area. Repairs to road was hampered by hostile artillery fire. By dark, Companies E and F had occupied part of Gey having advanced to the main cross roads in center of town.

On the other hand, a 1948 student paper by Major John F. Staples stated:

The 2nd Battalion jumped off at 0600, but ran into difficulty immedately. F Company got a good start and secured the first buildings on the edge of town. E Company, however, was detected before it overran the enemy outpost and heavy artillery, mortar, and small arms fire caught them in the open area southwest of town. The company continued forward until it ran into a barbed wire entanglement which had not been reported by patrols. Unable to advance and suffering casualties from the heavy fire the men sideslipped to the left and became intermingled with F Company. With the intermingling, both companies became disorganized and the attack bogged down except for some of the leading elements of F Company which had pushed on ahead.

Technical Sergeant Moore was reported missing in action as of December 10, 1944. His death that day was later confirmed.

No cause of death was recorded on his burial report beyond that he was killed in action.

His personal effects included a Bible, his billfold, a Bulova wristwatch, a pair of glasses, seven souvenir coins, 26 photographs, 36 postage stamps, a souvenir pin, and a protractor.

Technical Sergeant Moore was initially buried at Margraten, Netherlands, on December 26, 1944. After the war, in 1948, Moore’s father requested that his son’s body be interred at a permanent military cemetery overseas. In accordance with his wishes, Technical Sergeant Moore’s body was reburied at the permanent Margraten cemetery, now known as the Netherlands American Cemetery, on January 24, 1949.

Private 1st Class Robert Higman (1919–1944)

*Robert Higman (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Robert Higman was born in Millington, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. He was the youngest son of Norman Higman (or William Norman Higman, 1865–1935) and Isabel C. Higman (née Cox, 1876–1945). Higman had two older brothers and an older sister. One of his brothers and his sister died very young, prior to his birth. He also had an older half-brother and three older half-sisters from his father’s first marriage to Katherine Higman (née Link, 1880–1912), though his older half-brother died young years before his birth.

In January 1920, Higman was recorded in the census living on the family farm along the No. 10 Millington Road in the Massey area of incorporated Kent County, Maryland. The family was still living on the No. 10 Road when the next census was taken in April 1930.

By the time he registered for the draft on October 16, 1940, Higman had moved to 825 Vandever Avenue in Wilmington, Delaware, where his sister Helen Gertruge Higman was living. The registrar described him as standing about five feet, 10 inches tall and weighing 160 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes.

Higman was a laborer living in Wilmington, Delaware, when he married Elizabeth Hall (a clerk, 1921–2013) in Wilmington on November 26, 1942.

According to work history recorded in his personnel file, a portion of which survived the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire, Higman worked for six years as a laborer doing odd jobs. Prior to being drafted, he worked for two months as a bottle cap packer, earning $33 per week (about $635 in 2026 dollars). Higman’s wife told the Public Archives Commission that her husband was a packing inspector. The Wilmington Morning News reported that Higman “was employed by the Bond Manufacturing Corporation.” According to his personnel file, he was Methodist.

Military Career

After he was drafted, Higman was inducted into the U.S. Army in Camden, New Jersey, on October 18, 1943. Active duty November 9? On November 17, 1943, Private Higman was dispatched to the Infantry Replacement Training Center, Fort McClellan, Alabama. Upon arrival there he was attached unassigned to Company “C,” 23rd Infantry Training Battalion, 7th Infantry Training Regiment. On the evening of November 21, he was detached from that unit and attached unassigned to Company “D.”

A morning report dated December 17, 1943, stated that Private Higman was sick in quarters. The following day, however, he was hospitalized at the base’s station hospital. He returned to duty on January 28, 1944. He had missed a significant portion of training while in the hospital. On February 2 he was attached unassigned to Company “C,” 25th Infantry Training Battalion to resume his training.

Upon completing his basic training, Private Higman was rated with the military occupational specialty of 745, rifleman, on May 13, 1944. That same day a set of orders came down effective May 19, transferring him to the Army Ground Forces (A.G.F.) Replacement Depot No. 1, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. His orders authorized him a delay in reporting until noon on June 1, 1944. He reported as ordered and was attached unassigned to Company “A,” 10th Replacement Battalion, 3rd Replacement Regiment.

On or about June 12, 1944, he was dispatched to Camp Gruber, Oklahoma. There, on June 17, he joined Company “H,” 222nd Infantry Regiment, 42nd Infantry Division. The division’s overseas deployment was delayed when the Army decided to strip a large portion of its personnel for use as fillers and replacements overseas. It must have felt like whiplash, but on or about July 23, Higman reported back to A.G.F. Replacement Depot No. 1. He was attached unassigned to Company “B,” 7th Replacement Battalion, 2nd Replacement Regiment. He was then transferred to Shipment GS-900(a)-A, with orders to depart Fort Meade by train on or about July 31.

Once overseas, Higman came under the authority of the 12th Replacement Depot. He was part of Replacement Detachment X68H (319th Replacement Company?). A set of orders from Headquarters 3rd Replacement Depot dated August 21, 1944, earmarked Higman for the 2nd Infantry Division, though his replacement unit first ended up attached to the 48th Replacement Battalion. A set of orders dated September 1, 1944, instructed Higman to proceed to the 2nd Infantry Division.

Combat in the European Theater

On September 3, 1944, Higman and 36 other replacements joined Company “B,” 9th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division. At the time, the division was participating in the Battle of Brest, reducing or containing a series of fortifications on the outskirts of the port city. Allied planners considered Brest a vital for supporting the Allied advances. Higman may have spent time in defensive positions opposite the Germans’ and participated in patrolling. By the time Higman’s regiment began moving into the city proper on September 17, the German defenders’ will to resist had finally been broken, but they had held out so long and inflicted so much damage on port facilities to render them worthless for the rest of the war.

In the meantime, to the east, Allied forces had broken out of Normandy and landed in southern France, sending the German occupiers reeling. By the end of September 1944, much of France and Belgium had liberated. However, the bold thrust into the Netherlands known as Operation Market Garden had met with strategic failure. Largely due to Allied logistical issues, the front lines had finally stabilized near the German border. The main body of the 9th Infantry boarded boxcars on the night of September 27–28, bound for the area of Saint-Vith, Belgium. It was not the most comfortable way to travel, even with 34 men to a car rather than the designed capacity of 40 men or eight horses. Several hundred men also traveled with a convoy of the regiment’s motor vehicles. The regiment reunited at Longuyon, France, on September 30.

On October 1, 1944, the 9th Infantry boarded trucks to continue their journey to the area of Schönberg, Belgium. The regimental after action report stated: “All through Lexemb[o]urg and Belgium the troops were cheered by Sunday crowds lining the streets of towns and villages. By nightfall the Regiment was encamped in thick pine forests above Schonberg, in the sight of the hills of Germany three miles away.”

On October 4, 1944, the 9th Infantry moved across the border into Germany and relieved elements of the 4th Infantry Division in the Schnee Eifel facing the German Westwall (referred to by the Allies as the Siegfried Line). The regimental report added:

The pattern of deployment down through the companies, platoons and squads was influenced by the location of dugouts, pillboxes and foxholes previously used by the 4th Division. These positions, however, were promptly and constantly expanded and strengthened and the outpost line changed.

The next two months passed quietly. Each of the three Company “B” rifle platoons took turns manning the forward company outpost position. The men of the 9th Infantry regularly performed performed combat, reconnaissance, and security patrols. Each battalion had a handpicked Ranger platoon which handled night patrols exclusively. There were a handful of small-scale clashes and artillery bombardments, but nothing on the scale of combat that took place in other areas at the same time, such as the Battle of Metz and the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. Settling in for the long haul, the men of the 9th Infantry built shelters which offered protection from both the elements and the enemy. The October 1944 regimental report stated:

The work of building log shelters was long and arduous. Trees had to be felled, cut into logs and carried to where they were needed. The sound of axes rang through the forest from daylight to dark, and at times, the area resembled a lumber camp as much as a battle line. As an example of the size of the task, the First Battalion was felling more than 400 trees at day at the height of its building program.

Despite the arrival of colder weather, conditions were above average as far as World War II infantry experiences went. In addition to the shelter—which helped reduce the cold weather injuries—Higman’s unit routinely had hot food and groups of men were sometimes rotated to the rear for showers, religious services, and films. Men were also issued 48-hour passes to rest camps.

Higman was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge per General Orders No. 26, Headquarters 9th Infantry Regiment, dated October 20, 1944. The following day, V-1 flying bombs, a German unguided cruise missile referred to as buzz bombs to the Allies, passed over 9th Infantry positions for the first time. During subsequent weeks more were encountered, some of which landed in the regimental area though they inflicted no casualties.

The regimental report noted that Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1944, “was observed in the best tradition possible under the circumstances, with 4,847 pounds of turkey – one and a half pounds a man – and cranberry sauce.” While Higman and his comrades undoubtedly appreciated the gesture, they may have been puzzled by the fact that the same American military logistics that made Thanksgiving dinner possible worldwide had not managed to supply adequate winter uniforms and camouflage. Higman was promoted to private 1st class on November 27. The regimental report stated: “As the month ended there was evidence of a thinning of enemy forces opposing the 9th Infantry.” This underscored the success of German efforts to achieve surprise during their upcoming full-scale offensive scheduled for mid-December.

December 1944 found the 9th Infantry’s sector of the Schnee Eifel quiet. As with the last two months, there was little action aside from patrolling and occasional artillery bombardments. The regimental after action report stated: “Much time was still devoted to improvement of living conditions, and life in the log shelters built by the troops reached a high level of comfort for the front lines.”

Effective December 9, 1944, Higman’s M.O.S. changed from rifleman to 746, automatic rifleman. Armed with the Browning Automatic Rifle, the automatic rifleman provided the base of fire for a rifle squad. The following day, a green unit, the 422nd Infantry of the 106th Infantry Division, replaced the 9th Infantry in the frontline.

On December 12, 1944, the 9th Infantry moved to the area of Rocherath, Belgium, to participate in an offensive to capture dams on the Roer River, with an advance on the heavily fortified crossroads of Wahlerscheid, Germany. The Allies expected that any offensive downriver from the dams would be met with intentional flooding unless the dams were taken first. The regimental report for the month stated:

On 13 December the 9th Infantry began its first offensive operation since the Battle of Brest in September. The plan was to surprise the Germans by attacking through positions held by 2d Rcn Trp [Reconnaissance Troop] and the 99th Infantry Division and overrunning a Siegfried Line stronghold of many pillboxes guarding a road net at F. Wehlerscheid. It was planned that the 2nd Division ultimately should seize the roads being the pillbox line for further [exploitation] by armored units. The mission was to swing left[,] capture the town of ROHREN and to trap German trrops holding the sector of the line further north.

Higman’s 1st Battalion “moved through woods to the west of the road. The 2nd Battalion moved through woods to the east of the road” while 3rd Battalion followed in reserve. A 1st Battalion after action report stated:

At 0730, 13 December the Battalion moved out cross-country with the Battalion in closed formation, two rifle companies up. After a most taxing march made doubly difficult on the men because of the passage through dense forests and knee-deep marshes, the Battalion successfully arrived in the area 124996, about 600 yards cross-country southwest of its objective. Though small arms fire and heavy mortar fires had from time to time been received on the route of march, it is believed that the dense woods concealed the size of the movement involved, and that the enemy fired only on what he believed to be the usual heavy patrols in the area. However, upon arrival at this point observation across the large clearing west and south of F WEHLERSCHEID gave away the element of surprise hitherto in our favor. Heavy mortar fire and direct fire weapons came into the Battalion leading elements in great volume, and though the position because of its exposed nature became almost untenable, plans were continued in this area for a continuation of the move.

The attackers were slowed by a large minefield and a small counterattack. The battalion report added:

The night of 13–14 December proved a perfect hell for the men, having for protection against the wintry cold only that which they had carried with them. Subjected to continuous mortar and direct fire artillery during the night, the Battalion held its ground and completed plans to resume the attack at 0830, 14 Dec.

On the morning of December 14, 1944, Higman’s Company “B,” supported by Ammunition and Pioneer Platoon, Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, breached fields of mine and concertina wire blocking the battalion’s path. That afternoon, an attack bogged down under “intense mortar and automatic weapons fire.” Under orders from the regimental commander, 1st Battalion fell back to the same positions they’d started the day at. The battalion report noted that “the end of the day found the men battered, weary and cold. However, during the day a supply road had been opened up” and “the night was eased by a hot meal and blankets.” The following day was quiet, with no action beyond patrolling.

The Battle of the Bulge

On the night of December 15–16, 1944, to the right of Higman’s 1st Battalion, 2nd Battalion advanced under cover of darkness and successfully opened a path for both 1st and 3rd Battalions. “In consequence the 1st Battalion moved at first light” on December 16 and, led by Company “B,” proceeded “by the most direct route to its objective and took up positions, facing north and northwest around F. WEHLERSCHEID.” They beat off a counterattack late on December 16. Unbeknownst to Higman and his unit, the very same day, the Germans had launched a massive counterattack. Among other setbacks, the 422nd Infantry, which had relieved the 9th Infantry a week earlier, was quickly encircled and forced to surrender.

For 1st Battalion, the first indication of the crisis came on the morning of December 17, 1944, the second day of the Battle of the Bulge, when dismaying, “completely unexpected orders to evacuate the positions so dearly won” during the last four days of combat. With the help of a rearguard and covering artillery fire, 1st Battalion successfully disengaged and moved back toward Rocherath.

The 9th Infantry would be engaged in the fighting along Elsenborn Ridge on the northern shoulder of the bulge. They found a chaotic situation with large numbers of demoralized American troops retreating west. 1st Battalion was ordered “to seize and secure the road net northeast of ROCHERATH”—that is, the crossroads at Lausdell—and organize “all friendly troops in the area that might be found withdrawing from the east toward this road crossing and to stabilize a line to protect the east flank of the Division.” Companies “A” and “B” “arrived just in time to get in position astride the road-net facing southeast before darkness fell.” They were attached to and tied in with the neighboring 38th Infantry Regiment, also part of the 2nd Infantry Division.

During a meeting at the battalion command post at 1800 hours on December 17, Lieutenant Colonel William D. McKinley told his company commanders “to again imbue their men with the absolute necessity of holding the position.”That night, a German force spearheaded by four tank destroyers entered Lausdell. Up to that point all forces passing through had been friendly, and in the confusion this vanguard slipped past 1st Battalion before other American forces engaged them in nearby Krinkelt. Anticipating another thrust, Company “B” placed landmines on the road. As more enemy armor and infantry approached, chaotic fighting followed, with the Americans calling heavy artillery fire down on their own positions. The battalion report stated:

Prior to a lull, about midnight, our bazooka teams and mines and the real gallantry of the men defending the cross road, coupled with the continuous and effective artillery fire had accounted for at least five tanks and an undetermined number of foot troops following. During all this period, the Battalion position was subjected to direct fire from tanks and machine gun fire from the southeast.

The battalion report noted that “Colonel McKINLEY described the night’s fighting as a wild melee[.]” The battalion after action report described the morning of December 18, 1944:

At 0645 the full force of the German attack broke on the Battalion position. During the night several tanks had infiltrated within direct fire distance and those began to fire to cover the movement of armored elements and infantry behind them. In the early morning hours before daylight the men of the Battalion engaged the tanks and infantry with every means at hand. Continuous artillery fires brought down on call by the unit, on their own positions, in order to hit tanks; as wellas [sic] continuous fires to the front, to the flanks delayed and continued to delay the movement of the enemy through the crossroads. A pitched battle continued to rage until about 1100 hours. Conditions of visibility were almost nil, and communications with the 38th Infantry were spasmodic and difficult. […]

By 1100 hours the situation of the 1st Battalion was desperate and the Battalion Commander relayed to the Commanding Officer, 38th Infantry the word that he could not extricate any of his Battalion without help of some tanks or TD’s [tank destroyers.] Miraculously in answer of this call, one platoon of Company “A”, 741st Tank Battalion arrived on the scene.

Thanks to a counterattack with support from the tanks, 1st Battalion was able to withdraw to the west in good order, but not before Company “A” and neighboring Company “K” were overrun. The battered battalion “reassembled on the high ground 2000 yards north of ROCHERATH and west of the main road leading north from there.” That afternoon they went into reserve first at Rocherath and later that evening at Krinkelt, Belgium. 1st Battalion’s casualties on December 18, 1944, were so heavy, that the next day it was reorganized with its four companies temporarily disbanded and the battalion’s remaining 217 men placed in “six officer-led rifle squads” and a heavy weapons platoon. However, their stand “not only saved the entire 2nd Division from being cut off, but permitted the piecemeal evacuation of the routed, disorganized and demoralized 99th Division through our lines.”

Private 1st Class Higman was reported killed in action on December 18, 1944. According to an emergency medical tag filled out on December 20, 1944, and preserved in his personnel file, Higman suffered a fatal gunshot wound to the head. Curiously, on December 27, his status was changed to missing in action, backdated to December 20. This may have been because his body had not been recovered.

Journal-Every Evening reported that Higman’s family was notified that he was missing on January 7, 1945. The War Department changed his status to killed in action on January 21, 1945, dispatching a telegram to his wife the same day.

It was often difficult for the families of the fallen to learn specific details about the loss of their loved one. In Higman’s case, his sister was able to get a more substantive response than usual. In a letter dated May 24, 1945, the Adjutant General’s Office stated:

A report now available in the War Department shows that on 18 December 1944 Private Higman was with his company in a holding position while 1st Battalion was withdrawing from Rockerath, Germany [sic]. He was killed when enemy shelling covered the area.

The report summarized in the letter is not present in his personal file and would seem to be based on a unit after action report. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart. Although his personnel file stated that Higman was “favorably considered for” the Good Conduct Medal, there is no indication it was ever awarded.

In 1946, Higman’s wife remarried to Floyd Sarver, with whom she raised five children.

After the war, his family requested that his body be repatriated to the United States. He was buried at Sudlersville Cemetery in Queen Anne’s County, Maryland.

Private Dick M. Appel (1912–1942)

Early Life & Family

Dick Masten Appel was born on the afternoon of January 10, 1912, at 1815 North 17th Street in Boise, Idaho. He was the first child of Charles Robert Appel and Sarah Masten Appel (née Sara Ellen Masten). At the time, his parents were living at 1815 Harrison Boulavard in Boise. His father, originally from Iowa, was working as a clothing salesman. He had two younger sisters and a younger brother. No religious preference was recorded in Appel’s surviving military paperwork, although a card indicates he was baptized at the Methodist Episcopal church in Milford, Delaware.

By May 19, 1913, the Appel family had returned to Sarah Appel’s home state of Delaware, where she gave birth to a daughter near Milford. The census taken in January 1920 found Appel living with his family on a grain farm in the 10th Representative District of unincorporated Kent County, Delaware, that belonged to his maternal grandparents, Wilbert Masten (1857–1949) and Anna Masten (c. 1867–1947). Appel’s father was working as a farmhand.

The next census, taken in April 1930, found Appel unemployed and living with his parents and two younger sisters in the 1st Representative District, unincorporated Sussex County, Delaware, where his father was now a poultry farmer.

On May 13, 1933, Appel applied for the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.), which employed men on public work projects during the Great Depression and in some cases taught valuable skills. In his application, he stated that he was a resident of Ellendale and had previously worked as a farmer but been unemployed since January 1929. He stated that he had completed grammar school and two years of high school. On May 23, he had a physical in Dover, Delaware. At the time, he was described as standing six feet and half an inch tall and weighing 160 lbs., with brown hair and eyes. The following day, May 24, Appel enrolled in the C.C.C. at Fort DuPont, Delaware. He spent his first few weeks there, through June 20, doing reconditioning work.

The C.C.C. provided an opportunity for Appel to return to his state of birth. On or about June 28, 1933, he joined Company No. 1224 at Camp F-46, Clarkia, Idaho. He spent the next few months doing blister rust control work. He was promoted to assistant leader on September 1, but reduced back to member on September 30. The same day, he reenrolled for another six months in the C.C.C. He finished his stint in Idaho on October 8. He then moved west again to Fort Lewis, Washington, where he worked from October 9–14 before moving to Deception Pass, Washington. Despite its name, Deception Pass is a strait between islands on Skagit Bay.

Appel did reforestation work in the Deception Pass area through March 24, 1934. He then returned to the East Coast, where he was discharged from the C.C.C. at Camp Dix, New Jersey, on March 31.

Appel reapplied for the C.C.C. on July 6, 1934, giving his address as 601 Shipley Street in Wilmington, Delaware. Information on the application is a little puzzling. He gave his date of birth as January 10, 1913, rather than 1912, though the place of birth was still listed as Boise. It stated he was a truck driver, and stated he had been unemployed since December 1933 even though he had been in the C.C.C. at that time. His highest education was listed as “3rd. yr. High School” and he denied previously being a member of the C.C.C. The application spelled his last name as Apple rather than Appel, suggesting it was filled out by someone else other than him, which may explain the discrepancies. He did, however, sign the application.

He reenrolled at Camp 2, Milford, Delaware, on July 10, 1934, and spent about two weeks doing mosquito control work. He went absent without leave on July 23. Although the C.C.C. was organized on paramilitary lines, it was not quite as strict as the military. Appel was honorably discharged effective the same day due to “Urgent need at home.”

Appel’s 1933 C.C.C. application and the 1940 census gave his highest completed level of education as two years of high school. However, when he enlisted later that year, he claimed to be a high school graduate.

The 1940 census recorded Appel as still living with his parents in the 1st Representative District, Sussex County, with a younger sister and younger brother. His occupation was listed as laborer doing road work. The enumerator wrote that Appel had worked 45 hours the week of March 24–30, 1940. However, such work could be irregular. The census stated that he had only worked 32 weeks in 1939, earning a mere $240 ($5,745 in 2026 dollars).

Much of Appel’s official military personnel file was lost in the fall of the Philippines. However, a few pages of documents, including his enlistment record, survived the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire. He stated that as of August 1940 he was living on Rural Free Delivery No. 1 in Ellendale. Appel stated that he had five years of experience working as a mechanic, earning $18 per week (about $430 in 2026 dollars). If accurate, this suggested Appel had more stable employment than the glimpse captured in the 1940 census.

Military Career

Appel enlisted for a three-year stint in the U.S. Army in Dover, Delaware, on August 12, 1940. Unlike the draftees who would begin swelling the military’s ranks a few months later, prewar volunteers like Appel were able to pick their branch and were sometimes even enlisted for specific units. In Appel’s case, his enlistment was for the Air Corps in the Philippine Islands. The Philippines were an American possession at the time. With independence promised for 1946, a transition government was in place and the Philippine Army was being trained, though the U.S. remained responsible for defending the archipelago.

According to his parents’ statement for the Public Archives Commission, Private Appel attended basic training at Fort Slocum, New York, and then headed to the West Coast. They wrote that he was at Fort McDowell, California, from October 1, 1940, through November 7, 1940, and that he arrived in the Philippines on December 5, 1940.

In the Philippines, Private Appel joined Headquarters Squadron, 20th Air Base Group (Reinforced). Around January 1941, he was attached to Battery “B,” 60th Coast Artillery Regiment at Fort Mills on Corregidor. He was detached on February 14, 1941. At some point he was rated as a specialist 4th class, indicating that he had special skills, presumably as a mechanic. At the time, specialist was a rating for a U.S. Army private or private 1st class and not a separate grade as it is today.

Appel’s parents told the Public Archives Commission that their son moved to Nichols Field on February 15, 1941. It is likely that this is when he joined the 20th Pursuit Squadron, 4th Composite Group. They also wrote that while he was with the 20th Pursuit Squadron, he served as a P-35A assistant crew chief. As a fighter, the Seversky P-35 was obsolete even before it entered production in the late 1930s and was no match for contemporary Japanese aircraft. According to a unit history compiled during or shortly after the war, the 20th Pursuit Squadron moved to Clark Field around July 1941 and was transferred to the new 24th Pursuit Group on October 1, 1941. The history also stated that by December 1, 1941, the 20th Pursuit Squadron had reequipped with the far superior Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter, of which 18 were in service on the eve of the Pacific War.

Despite the arrival of the Signal Company, Aircraft Warning, Philippine Department, during the summer of 1941, the Americans did not have a robust early warning network in the Philippines. Poor communications meant that information about enemy aircraft was not relayed to pilots quickly enough to engage them. Although unidentified aircraft repeatedly violated Philippine airspace leading up to the war, American fighters were unable to intercept them.

Combat in the Philippines

Things did not improve after the attack on Pearl Harbor—which was December 8, 1941, in the Philippines—and Japanese aircraft were able to strike targets in the Philippines with virtual impunity. That morning, the 20th Pursuit Squadron failed to intercept a Japanese air raid on Baguio and Tuguegarao. They returned to Clark Field and were still refueling when another formation of Japanese aircraft was detected inbound around 1145 hours. According to the 24th Pursuit Group report:

At 12:15 the 20th completed gassing and were ordered to cover Clark Field. At 12:20 PM, 54 bombers and an undetermined numbers [sic] of dive bombers attacked Clark Field. The 20th Pursuit Squadron was in the process of taking off when the attack came. Four of their aircraft had cleared the ground. Another five were destroyed in the process of taking off by the bombardment attack. The remaining five were destroyed by straffing [sic] after the bombardment attack.

Many other squadrons were similarly devastated in attacks on December 8, 1941, and by the day, the Japanese had established air superiority in the Philippines. Despite losing over half its aircraft, the 20th Pursuit Squadron continued flying missions over northern Luzon. In the meantime, the first Japanese invasion forces began landing on December 10.

Although the prewar War Plan Orange-3 called for a withdrawal to Bataan if the Japanese invaded the Philippines, few supplies had been stockpiled there. General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) had also delayed executing the plan until two weeks after the Japanese invaded the Philippines in the vain hope that American and Filipino forces could halt the Japanese without ceding most of the archipelago. The delay meant that forces evacuating to Bataan had no choice but to abandon food and equipment that would be desperately needed in the months ahead—indeed, during the first week in January 1942, the defenders’ rations were drastically reduced to conserve what food remained. Still, with Bataan and the island fortresses in Manila Bay in American-Filipino hands, the Japanese were denied use of the vital port.

In accordance with the plan, the 24th Pursuit Group was ordered to begin relocating to Bataan on Christmas Eve 1941. The group history stated: “The 20th Pursuit Squadron moved to Pilar, and thence to Mariveles cut-off on Tanikan River, where they assumed the role of regimental reserves.”

With the military situation in the Philippines increasingly desperate and far more personnel on hand than needed to man and service the few remaining aircraft, many members of the 24th Pursuit Group were pressed into service as infantrymen defending rear areas of the peninsula. On January 10, 1942 [unconfirmed], the 24th Pursuit Group men not needed for air operations became the 2nd Infantry Regiment (Provisional), 71st Division (Philippine Army?).

In late January and early February 1942, during the Battle of the Points, when the Japanese landed two battalions in southwest Bataan, the 24th Pursuit Group went into action as infantry. The group history stated that in response to landings at Longoskawayan Point:

The 3rd Pursuit Squadron, reinforced by 20th Pursuit Squadron and a Battalion of 4th Marines attempted to dislodge the enemy. They were unsuccessful. These units, reinforced by 31st Regiment were ordered into action, and assisted by bombardment from the sea and heavy bombardment from Corregidor were able to dislodge the enemy.

After the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942, the Japanese never reported Private Appel as a prisoner of war. He was held as missing in action after the surrender of the Philippines until September 22, 1945. After the Philippines were recaptured, Appel’s remains were not found or were never identified. In 1945, the Army determined that Private, Specialist 4th Class Appel died of pneumonia at Balanga, Bataan, on April 29, 1942. The source of that information was not made clear in surviving documents in his individual deceased personnel file (I.D.P.F.) and personnel file. The Milford Chronicle reported Appel’s death on October 12, 1945.

A statement by Captain Fenwick H. Burch dated May 1, 1947, stated that there was no record of Appel’s body being located, adding: “The toothchart and circumstances of death do not compare favorably with any of the unknowns recovered from Balanga, Bataan, Luzon, Phil. Is.”

An investigator concluded in 1950 that “Identification factors for Pvt Appel compare negatively with data […] for unresolved Bataan recoveries.” However, documentation in his I.D.P.F. suggests that investigators only had an induction dental chart and no other personal descriptors to use for this purpose. That same year, a board of officers determined that his body was non-recoverable. His name is honored on the Tablets of the Missing at the Manila American Cemetery and at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware.

Technician 4th Grade Donald B. Ellis (1922–1943)

*Donald Blair Ellis (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Author’s note: This piece incorporates some text from my previous article, Sergeant William A. Rittenhouse (1917–1943), about another member of the same company.

Early Life & Family

Donald Blair Ellis was born in Laurel, Delaware, on the morning of October 25, 1922. He was the fourth son of Wilbur Pierce Ellis (then a mail clerk, 1893–1954) and Elsie Ellis (née Elsie Collins Hastings, 1897–1953), both natives of Laurel. He had three older brothers: Wilbur Pierce Ellis (who went by his middle name, 1917–2012), Richard Hastings Ellis (1919–1989), and Joseph Charles Ellis (1921–1978).

Ellis was recorded on the census in April 1930 living on Central Avenue in Laurel. His father was described as assistant superintendent at a chain store. Ellis was baptized at the Centenary Methodist Church in Laurel on March 17, 1935. The next census in April 1940 recorded him as Blair Ellis, living at 803 Central Avenue in Laurel. His father’s occupation was listed as chain store supervisor.

Ellis was a fullback on the Laurel High School varsity football team. A classmate, Jim Allen, recalled in a 2003 article that “if you ask any member of the Laurel class of 1942 who their best friend was in high school you would get the same answer. ‘Jabbo,’ as we called him, was loved by all. He was one ‘heck-of-a-guy’.”

When he registered for the draft on June 30, 1942, Ellis was living at 804 Central Avenue, suggesting that either his family had moved across the street or there had been a typo in the 1940 census. The registrar described Ellis as standing six feet, one inch tall and weighing 172 lbs., with black hair and brown eyes. His employer was listed as Howard Windsor at the A&P store in Laurel. Similarly, his enlistment data card listed his occupation as sales clerk.

All three of Ellis’s brothers served in the U.S. Army during World War II: Pierce Ellis (ASTP medical student?), Richard Ellis as an Army Air Forces B-24 pilot in the Pacific, and Joseph Ellis in Europe.

Military Training

Ellis volunteered for the U.S. Army, enlisting in Camden, New Jersey, on November 6, 1942. He was briefly attached unassigned to Company “A,” 1229th Reception Center, Fort Dix, New Jersey. By November 8, 1942, Private Ellis had been classified as a 521, basic, meaning that his civilian work experience was not applicable to any Army specification serial number. A set of orders came down that day dispatching him by rail the following day to join the 31st Signal Construction Battalion at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. In the same group was a fellow Delawarean who had enlisted on the same day, William Alexander Rittenhouse (1917–1943).

Documentation is little unclear, but it appears that Rittenhouse and Ellis were in a group of 198 men from the 1229th Reception Center who joined Company “B,” 31st Signal Construction Battalion, on either November 10 or 12, 1942. The battalion had been activated at Camp Atterbury on August 17, 1942, and fillers were still flowing into the unit. During World War II, it was not uncommon for men to have their basic training directly with their future units under the direction of experienced cadre rather than first attending training at a replacement training center. Some of the men in the battalion were reservists who in civilian life worked for the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company.

Signal construction battalions placed poles and wires to provide vital communications between command posts and other installations behind the lines. Under the table of organization, a private or private 1st class in such a unit could have been assigned one of several duties: chauffeur, cook’s helper, orderly, or lineman. Lineman—officially “Lineman, pole, telephone and telegraph”—was the most common duty in the company, performed by 140 of the 255 enlisted men, including 80 of the privates.

Private Ellis went on furlough on December 15, 1942, returning to duty on December 20. He was hospitalized on January 6, 1943, but returned to duty one week later. On February 27, 1943, his unit departed Camp Atterbury to participate in Second Army Maneuvers. After an overnight stop at Fort Knox, Kentucky, they arrived in Lebanon, Tennessee, on February 28.

Company “B” morning reports from spring 1943 went missing before they could be microfilmed. With the destruction of Ellis’s personnel file, a microfilmed payroll record may be the only surviving record of Ellis’s promotions. The document is hard to read, but it appears that he was promoted to private 1st class on April 15, 1943, and to technician 5th grade, which was paid the same as a corporal, on May 4. The table of organization suggests that Ellis would have performed one of the following duties after his promotion: automobile mechanic, chauffeur, general clerk, supply clerk, cook, telephone and telegraph draftsman, earth-borer operator, lineman, or utility repairman.

Technician 5th Grade Ellis and the other men in his unit remained in the Tennessee Maneuver Area until June 24, 1943, when they headed back to Camp Atterbury with an overnight stop at Fort Knox.

Ellis was promoted again on or about July 16, 1943, this time to technician 4th grade, equivalent in pay to sergeant. A tech 4 in a construction company was supposed to perform the duty of automobile mechanic, cable splicer, cook, or lineman. As with other grades, lineman was the most common duty for a tech 4, performed by 24 out of 31 men if the company was at full strength. Based on his promotion history, it is likely that Ellis trained as a lineman and advanced rapidly through the ranks with that military occupational specialty, but it is unlikely that there are any surviving documents that would confirm or refute that theory.

On August 28, 1943, the battalion began a 25-mile road march as part of a Second Army physical fitness test. They got an early start at 0400, finishing at noon.

On September 22, 1943, the battalion departed Camp Atterbury by train, arriving the following day at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia, to enter staging before going overseas. A morning report recorded that on October 1, Company “B” was “presented with cup for winning bn softball championship[.]”

Overseas Service

The 31st Signal Construction Battalion was split up for shipment overseas. At 1630 hours on October 2, 1943, Company “B” and a detachment of medical personnel entrained at Camp Patrick Henry, arriving at Newport News, Virginia, 45 minutes later. At 1745 hours, they boarded S.S. Andrew Hamilton, which departed the pier at 1930 hours and anchored at Lynnhaven Roads to the east. Their voyage began in earnest at 0700 hours on October 5 when the transport joined a transatlantic convoy, UGS-20. Portions of the convoy were bound for Port Said, Egypt, though some vessels were scheduled to go into intermediate ports (Oran, Algeria, in the case of Andrew Hamilton).

The 31st Signal Construction Battalion was bound for the China Burma India (C.B.I.) Theater. Far from the public eye, at the end of tortuously long supply lines, and with a fraction of the American personnel deployed to Europe, the Mediterranean, or the Pacific, the C.B.I. was nonetheless vital to the war effort. Enormous numbers of Japanese troops were tied down fighting and occupying China. If China collapsed, those troops could be moved to the Pacific, threatening the Allied island-hopping campaign.

After over two weeks at sea, land finally came into view around noon on October 21, 1943. A few hours later, UGS-20 passed through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. Andrew Hamilton docked at Oran at 2000 hours on October 22. Around 0950 hours the following morning, Company “B” disembarked and moved to a nearby bivouac site known as Staging Area No. 2. The main body of the 31st Signal Construction Battalion shipped out October 13 aboard S.S. John Harvey, arriving safely in Algeria on November 2.

It appears that after arriving in North Africa, Ellis was able to dispatch presents home to his family, as Journal-Every Evening reported: “A package of gifts for the family was received shortly before Christmas.” His last letter home was dated November 20, 1943.

Although both parts of the battalion were in the same staging area, they were assigned to different ships to continue their journey to the C.B.I. At noon on November 23, 1943, Ellis and Company “B” departed their staging area by truck, arriving at 1330 hours at Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria, a port near Oran. Around 1530, they boarded the British transport H.M.T. Rohna. That same day, the main body of the 31st Signal Construction Battalion boarded another ship, H.M.T. Rajula, but they would not ship out for a week.

Completed in 1926, the Rohna had been converted from a passenger liner to a troopship in 1940. On the afternoon of Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1943, Rohna departed Oran with about 2,201 aboard, including about 1,988 American soldiers and Red Cross workers. Rohna joined an eastbound convoy, KMF-26, which was traveling from Scotland to Egypt. The convoy consisted of 17 merchant ships with 10 escorts.

On the morning of November 26, 1943, KMF-26 was discovered by German reconnaissance aircraft flying out southern France. That evening, the convoy was sailing at 12 knots in the Mediterranean Sea north of Djidjelli (Jijel), Algeria, when it came under attack from about 35 German bombers. The attackers came in two waves beginning at 1640 hours. Eight Allied fighters were on patrol in the vicinity of the convoy and Allied controllers scrambled additional aircraft from fields in North Africa, but they were unable to fully blunt the attack.

Among the attacking aircraft were Heinkel He 177s armed with a deadly new weapon, the Henschel Hs 293 guided bomb. The Hs 293 was dropped from the attacking aircraft and briefly engaged a rocket motor. The rocket only had enough fuel for 10 seconds, after which the bomb glided towards the target, controlled by radio from the launching bomber. The weapon was known to the Allies and during the attack, the convoy’s escorts attempted to jam the radio signals guiding the weapons.

In the face of fierce resistance from both Allied aircraft and antiaircraft fire from the convoy—and possibly, the jamming—most of the German ordnance missed. Only one Hs 293 found its mark. This single bomb, however, which exploded in Rohna’s engine room around 1715 hours, during the second wave, was sufficient to cause tremendous loss of life.

In their book, Soldiers Lost at Sea: A Chronicle of Troopship Disasters, James E. Wise, Jr. and Scott Baron wrote:

As Second Officer Willis recorded in his statement, “The bomb struck the engine room on the port side, just above the waterline. The No. 4 bulkhead collapsed.” The bomb explosion caused extensive damage blowing holes in both sides of the ship so large that one survivor recalled, “you could drive a truck through them.” Fires broke out, and power was lost, resulting in no lights, no communication, and no water pressure. An estimated three hundred men died in the initial explosion. Powerless in the dark, and with no other options, Captain [T. J.] Murphy ordered the ship to be abandoned, though lack of power prevented his order from being broadcast throughout the ship.

Rohna slipped beneath the waves around 1830 hours. Wise and Baron added: “The rescue effort was hampered by failing light, high seas, and the loss of a significant number of lifeboats, both from the initial explosion and subsequent mishandling by troops and crewmen.”

According to a contemporary battalion history, “All personnel from Company B got safely off the ship into the water. Survivors, after being in a rough sea for one-half (½) to eight (8) hours, were picked up by allied rescue ships.”

Most of the details of what Technician 4th Grade Ellis and his comrades experienced after their ship was hit are forever lost to history, although those of Private 1st Class James Willis Pope (1920–1995) give some idea of the chaos. A commendation in General Order No. 3, Headquarters 31st Signal Construction Battalion, stated that he came to the rescue of Technician 4th Grade William H. Wasp (1924–1990), who had lost his lifebelt:

[Wasp] was unable to swim and after calling to those in the water that he could not swim he dropped into the water. Private First Class Pope dove, caught hold of T/4 Wasp, and swam with him to a lifeboat. When the boat became overcrowded and capsized, Private First Class Pope again took T/4 Wasp in tow and swam with him toward the rescue ship **************. After covering part of the distance Pfc Pope found a life preserver which he placed about T/4 Wasp and continued to tow him to the rescue ship which was reached after being in the water about one hour.

Pope was later awarded the Bronze Star Medal. Few other stories pertaining to Rohna had such a happy ending.

129 men from Company “B” and two men attached from the battalion medical detachment were killed in the sinking, including Technician 4th Grade Ellis and Sergeant Rittenhouse. Another Delawarean was also killed, Sergeant Paul E. Hayden (1911–1943). Approximately 1,149 personnel were lost in the sinking, including about 1,015 American soldiers. (Some sources indicate that 35 Americans died of their wounds after rescue, but it is unclear if those men are included in the figures.)

Other ships from the convoy, most notably the minesweeper U.S.S. Pioneer (AM-105), rescued hundreds of survivors. A preliminary count reported that of the 259 men in Company “B” embarked aboard Rohna, Pioneer had rescued 84 men, the British destroyer H.M.S. Atherstone (L05) rescued 16 men, and S.S. Clan Campbell rescued another 10, a total of 110 survivors. Based on the final company fatality figure, it appears that another 18 men were eventually located alive, some of them wounded.

The Rohna incident represents the greatest loss of American soldiers due to the sinking of any troopship in history. In terms of American losses aboard ships in World War II, Rohna was exceeded only by the loss of the battleship U.S.S. Arizona (BB-39) during the attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Japanese hellship Arisan Maru.

A summary of an American investigation included in Sergeant Rittenhouse’s I.D.P.F. noted:

An investigation of the circumstances surrounding the sinking of the “S. S. ROHNA” reveal the contributing factors in the extreme loss of life, and the unusual proportion of unrecovered remains, to be:

The terrific effect of the explosion.

The poor condition of the ship’s equipment and the conduct of its crew.

The difficulties encountered in the rescue operations.

The Germans achieved few subsequent successes with their guided antiship ordnance. Historian Steven J. Zaloga has argued this largely due to increasing Allied air superiority, which suppressed German airbases before their bombers could even take off and either shot down or drove off others before they could attack. Allied intelligence coups, such as capturing a pair of Hs 293s, may have also played a role.

Journal-Every Evening reported that Ellis’s parents were notified on December 28, 1943, that their youngest son was missing in action. With no indication that he could have survived or been taken prisoner, the War Department declared him dead the following year. Journal-Every Evening reported his death on June 13, 1944. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart.

On May 29, 1946, Journal-Every Evening announced that Ellis’s family had created the Donald Blair Ellis Memorial Prize, “awarded to the football player chosen by the majority vote of the members of the team.” It added: “The qualities of loyalty, courage, sportsmanship, and accomplishment as attributed to Donald Blair Ellis during his life as a student of Laurel High School were the factors considered in the voting.” The prize was awarded through at least 1960.

Ellis’s brothers compiled distinguished records of service following his death. W. Pierce Ellis became a doctor and after leaving the Army practiced medicine in the Laurel area for about 45 years. Richard Ellis briefly practiced law before returning to active duty in the U.S. Air Force in 1950, rising to the grade of general prior to his retirement in 1981.

Ellis’s name is honored on the Tablets of the Missing at the North Africa American Cemetery and Memorial in Tunisia, at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware, and on a cenotaph at Odd Fellows Cemetery in Laurel, where his parents and brothers Pierce and Joseph are buried.

Private Samuel Judge (1911–1944)

*Private Samuel Judge c. 1944 (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Samuel Judge was born Salvatore Lo Giudice on May 14, 1911, in Mongiuffi Melia, Sicily, Italy. He was the first child of Antonio Lo Giudice (c. 1879 –1918) and Carmela or Carmella Lo Giudice (née Lilicata, Silicato, or Chilicato?, c. 1891–1970?). His father emigrated to the United States and settled on South Van Buren Street in Wilmington, Delaware, where he worked as a laborer. On December 12, 1913, he and his mother sailed from Palermo, Sicily, aboard S.S. Calabria, arriving in New York City on December 27. He had three younger sisters born in the United States: Maria Congetta Lo Giudice (also known as Mary Louise Judge and later Volzone and eventually Capano, 1914–1995), Vittoria Talia Lo Giudice (Victoria Rose Judge, later Constantino, 1917–1988), and Antonina Lo Giudice (Anna Helen Judge, later Cheseroni, 1919–2002). He was Catholic.

The Lo Giudices were living at 208 Cedar Street in Wilmington as of September 26, 1914, when the family’s eldest girl was born, and at the same address as of May 23, 1917, when the family welcomed another daughter.

Judge’s father was employed with the Delaware Paper Mill Company prior to his death at the Wilmington Country Club Emergency Hospital on October 12, 1918. That was one of several temporary hospitals set up when the local healthcare system was overwhelmed by the Great Influenza Pandemic. The cause of death was listed as pneumonia, a common complication of the flu. Judge’s mother was pregnant with the couple’s fourth child, another girl, whom she gave birth to on March 17, 1919. The address on her birth certificate was 209 Cedar Street. If not a typo, that suggests the family had moved across the street from their prior address. By 1920, Judge’s mother had remarried, to Luigi (Louis) Triano (c. 1887–1952), with whom she raised three additional children.

Judge was recorded on the census in April 1930 as Samuel Judico, living with his mother, stepfather, three sisters, three half-siblings, and a border on Mount Cuba Road in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware. He and his stepfather were described as gardeners on a private estate. Their residence was in the rolling hills of northern Delaware, an area dotted with sprawling mansions and farms belonging to Delaware’s elite with names like Granogue and Winterthur. At some point, he and his sisters Anglicized their names, adopting a literal translation: Judge. Journal-Every Evening reported that Judge had “been employed in the shoe repair department of the Wilmington Dry Goods store.”

The 1940 census stated that Judge dropped out of school after completing the 8th grade. Similarly, his enlistment data card described his education level as grammar school. He was described as an alien on the 1930 census but a citizen by the time he entered the military.

According to census records, Judge was living in Wilmington as of April 1, 1935, but subsequently moved to Brockton, Massachusetts. He married Clara Ann Stanco (1912–2005), a Massachusetts native, on an unknown date prior to April 1, 1940.

Judge and his wife were recorded on the census in April 1940 living at 37 Ellsworth Street in Brockton. Judge was described as a district manager for a shoe repair shop. The census stated that his income in 1939 was $2,000 (about $47,875 in 2026 dollars). When he registered for the draft later that year on October 16, 1940, Judge was living at the same address. The registrar described him as standing about five feet, seven inches tall and weighing 165 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes. His employer was listed as the Public Shoe Corporation of Chicago, Illinois, but his place of work as Edgar’s Department Store on Main Street in Brockton. Journal-Every Evening stated that Judge “was employed as district supervisor for the Public Shoe Service of Chicago, with headquarters in Brockton[.]”

In the spring of 1943, a few months before he was drafted, Judge and his wife welcomed their first child, a son.

Judge’s half-brother, Louis Triano, Jr. (1925–1970), served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and the Korean War.

Military Career

After he was drafted, Judge was inducted into the U.S. Army in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 6, 1943. A set of orders issued that day transferred Judge and 15 other men to the Enlisted Reserve Corps on inactive duty, further adding:

Effective 28 December 1943, each of the above named men of the Enlisted Reserve Corps is called to Active Duty and will assemble at the Brockton City Hall, Brockton, Mass., at 6:30 A.M., and will proceed from the City Hall to the Reception Center at Fort Devens, Mass., reporting to the Commanding Officer thereat for duty.

After going on active duty, Private Judge was issued uniforms, educated on military law, vaccinated, tested, and classified. The specification serial number that most closely matched his civilian work experience was 204, shoe repairman. However, by then, the Army needed infantrymen, not shoe repairmen. On January 25, 1944, he was ordered to proceed by rail to the Infantry Replacement Training Center, Camp Blanding, Florida. Effective January 27, he was attached unassigned to Company “D,” 223rd Infantry Training Battalion. He was trained with infantry weapons and also had more specialized training to crew towed antitank guns. After completing his basic training, he was rated with the military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) code 610, antitank gun crewman. Per Special Orders No. 125, Headquarters Infantry Replacement Training Center, Camp Blanding, Florida, dated May 25, 1944, and effective May 31, Private Judge was transferred to Army Ground Forces Depot No. 1, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. He was authorized a 13-day delay in reporting, and ordered to report by noon on June 14. Upon reporting that day, he was attached to Company “D,” 3rd Replacement Battalion, 1st Replacement Regiment.

On June 24, 1944, as set of orders came down effective the following day, attaching Judge a shipment of replacements, GP-040(a)-A. On June 25, he boarded a troop train bound for a port of embarkation. He went overseas soon after. Upon arriving in Italy, he reported for duty at the 2nd Replacement Depot.

On July 21, 1944, he was attached unassigned to the 394th Replacement Company, 9th Replacement Battalion, at La Fagianeria, possibly near Caserta, Italy. A set of orders issued July 28 and effective the following day transferred Judge to the 439th Replacement Company located at a dairy farm in La Fagianeria. Yet another set of transfer orders dated July 31 transferred him to the 2645th Replacement Company at the same location, though morning reports indicate that transfer did not occur until August 3. That morning, the 2645th Replacement Company moved 30 miles to the ironically named Blizzard Staging Area, possibly located at Pozzuoli. The company was attached to the U.S. Seventh Army for the upcoming Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. This operation, together with the breakout from Normandy, made it impossible for the Germans to hold France.

At midnight on the night of August 9–10, 1944, the 2645th Replacement Company was disbanded and its personnel transferred to a new unit activated at 0001, the 535th Replacement Company. On or about August 19, 1944, shortly after the beginning of the southern France campaign, the 535th Replacement Company boarded a group of four landing craft infantry, LCI-669, LCI-670, LCI-672, and LCI-673, for the voyage from Italy to France. They disembarked at Saint-Tropez, France, on August 22 and remained in a nearby bivouac area until September 6, when they boarded trucks. They departed at 1230 hours for the 250-mile overnight journey to Polygone, France, arriving at 1000 hours the following morning.

On September 24, 1944, Judge was attached unassigned to the to the 399th Replacement Company, also located at Polygone, France.

Combat in the European Theater

A set of orders came down from Headquarters 2nd Replacement Depot on September 30, 1944, but not immediately effective, transferring Private Judge and a group of other men to the 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. They departed the 399th Replacement Company the following morning.

The rapid pursuit of the Germans across France had slowed as summer faded. Allied supply lines lengthened while German supply lines grew shorter. At the time Private Judge was dispatched to join it, the 3rd Infantry Division was fighting in the Vosges.

On October 3, 1944, Private Judge was in a group of 44 enlisted replacements who joined Company “A,” part of 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment. A morning report stated that the company was in defensive positions 2½ miles northeast of Rupt-sur-Moselle, France. The Army had trained Judge to fire an antitank gun but then assigned him to a rifle company that lacked antitank guns. Although the 7th Infantry had an antitank company, in combat its nine rifle companies suffered the highest casualty rates.

Private Judge had been bouncing around replacement units for over three months, but he would have only two days to adjust to his new unit before going into battle for the first time. On October 4, 1944, Company “A” moved to Saint-Amé, France, by road, joining the rest of 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry, in preparation for a new offensive through La Moselotte Valley, which ran east to Crémanvillers and then south to the main objective, Vagney. A contemporary operations report stated:

The 2nd Bn (Reinf) opened the attack in the late afternoon of 4 October from the NORTHWEST and seized its first objective, Hill 828, against strong resistance. Enemy counterattacks were repulsed and in the afternoon of 5 October the 1st Bn (Reinf) joined battle, also from the NORTHWEST, and met small enemy resistance.

Judge’s Company “A” was on the 1st Battalion right, Company “B” on the left, and Company “C” following Company “B.”

The operations report stated: “Enemy attempts at infiltration were defeated and during the night of 5–6 October the 2nd Bn left its positions on Hill 828 and followed the 1st Bn advance.”

Coordinates in an entry in the regimental journal indicate that Company “A” gained about 1,100 yards by 1940 hours. They would not have long to rest: “1st Bn ordered to move from 500 to 1000 yards tonight[.]”

1st Battalion resumed its advance around 0130 hours on October 6, 1944. The regimental action report continued:

Mid morning of October 6th 2nd Bn moved to the Right flank of 1st Bn and together the Bns launched an attack that captured [Crémanvillers], Hill 822 and sped toward the SAPOIS–VAGNEY road until slowed by heavy enemy mortar, artillery, MG [machine gun] and small arms fire.

The regimental journal stated that at 1910 hours, 1st Battalion reported that Company “A” had almost reached Fontaine, over halfway between Crémanvillers and Vagney. That evening, they took up positions in Fontaine and set up a roadblock.

According to Company “A” morning reports, Private Judge was reported missing in action (M.I.A.) on his second day in combat, October 6, 1944. Men were declared M.I.A. if their unit could not account for them during battle. In various cases they were later determined to have been killed, wounded, captured, or temporarily separated from their unit by the chaos inherent in combat. It is unclear if Judge was trapped behind enemy lines during the period he was unaccounted for or whether he was separated from his unit and temporarily ended up with another. A subsequent morning report reported him as returning to duty on October 10. By then, 1st Battalion had been pulled out of the line. On October 12, most of 1st Battalion (except one company) “commenced a 5 day training period in the vicinity of St. AME.”

Following the training, the 7th Infantry returned to combat. Once again, Private Judge’s Company “A” was on the 1st Battalion right, Company “B” on the left, and Company “C” in reserve, with orders to cross the line of departure at noon. 1st Battalion’s attack was launched in cooperation with the legendary Japanese-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team. The regimental report stated:

The 7th Inf (Reinf) moved tactically without incident to vicinity of V234593 [48° 13’ 45” North, 6° 42’ 20” East] during the night and morning of 19–20 October; immediately made reconnaissance and formulated plans for combat operations to the EAST. At 1200A [1200 hours Able, the local time zone], 20 October 1944 7th Inf (Reinf) attacked to the EAST against strong enemy resistance, consisting of MG and small arms fire from bunker positions. Enemy opposition became more determined but was defeated.

The regimental journal indicates that Company “A” had a frustrating afternoon, spending hours “pinned down by MG and mortar fire.” They continued to push overnight, but at 0255 hours on October 21, 1944, 1st Battalion reported that “Co A is making very little progress due to darkness – have them move out at first light.”

The regimental operations report stated: “VERVEZELLE and DOMFAING were freed on 21 October and the attack pushed to the NORTHEAST in the direction of St. DIE [Saint-Dié-des-Vosges].” During the next eight days, the 7th Infantry Regiment moved up a narrow river valley surrounded by heavily wooded hills. The operations report stated:

During the period 22–29 October the 7th Inf (Reinf) fought against heavy resistance, succeeded in pock[et]ing an enemy force, captured 730 prisoners, seized the villages of MAILLENFAING [Maillefaing], HALLEY [Hallé], Les ROGUES EAUX [Les Rouges-Eaux], TEMPOIX [Tempois on some maps] and BLAUCHEFONTAIN [Blanche Fontaine].

By October 27, 1944, Company “A” had reached the area of a pair of hamlets, Tempoix and Blanche Fontaine. 1st Battalion continued its attack the following day. According to the regimental journal, 1st Battalion reported at 0615 hours on October 28 that Company “A” had begun its attack. Another report at 1030 stated that “Co A has captured 27 EM [enlisted men] and 2 officers – they now occupy a part of the town”—apparently referring to Blanche Fontaine. In another journal entry at 1325 hours, 1st Battalion reported: “Co A has occupied several houses in vicinity 332643 [48° 16’ 31” North 6° 50’ 12” East] – Company B is trying to cut road – […] Co C is to hold high ground[.]”

At 1710 hours, 1st Battalion reported: “Co A still fighting for the buildings to be used as the next Regimental CP [command post] – Co B is still trying to cut the road – Co C is still on the high ground.” Then at 1745:

Co B is at 324639 – one unit is close to the road and can fire on the road and across the valley on the other road – 1 enemy tank is at the nose of the hill – Co A has all the houses at 3364 – snipers are firing into the houses – Co A has a road block to try to cut off the tank[.]

1st Battalion reported their sector quiet as of 2215, and that 24 prisoners, most of them wounded, were on their way to the rear.

Private Judge was reported missing in action that day, October 28, 1944. It was subsequently determined that he had been killed in action on the date that he went missing.

According to his burial report, Private Judge suffered a fatal gunshot wound to the right side of his chest. He was buried at a U.S. military cemetery at Epinal, France, on November 1, 1944.

After the war, Clara Judge requested that her husband’s body be repatriated to the United States. In accordance with her wishes his casket returned from Antwerp, Belgium, to the New York Port of Embarkation aboard Lawrence Victory. On July 28, 1948, a military escort accompanied the body by train from New York to Brockton. Following his funeral the following day, Private Judge was buried at Melrose Cemetery. His widow did not remarry.

Judge’s name is honored at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware.

Private 1st Class Harry S. Bowman (1922–1944)

Early Life & Family

Harry Sharp Bowman was born in Minquadale, Delaware, on February 15, 1922. He was the fifth child of Elwood W. Bowman (an electrician, 1888–1964) and Bertha Cecilia Bowman (née Martin, 1891–1969). He had three older sisters, and older brother, two younger sisters, and a younger brother. Bowman was Protestant.

The Bowman family was recorded on the census in April 1930 living on State Road in Representative District 10 in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware. Census records also state that if not before, they were living in Minquadale by April 1, 1935. After completing the 8th grade at the Minquadale School in 1938, Bowman dropped out of school. At the time of the next census in April 1940, Bowman was unemployed and living with his family in Minquadale.

Bowman was living on Tyrone Avenue in Minquadale when he entered the service. Based on his father’s death certificate, this was 18 Tyrone Avenue.

Bowman’s Marine Corps service record booklet described his civilian work history as machinist’s helper at a hosiery mill for two years, earning $20 per week (about $415 in 2026 dollars). His qualification card stated that he worked as a shop maintenance mechanic at Wilmington Hosiery Mill at Front and Orange Streets. The card stated he had worked for the company for 16 months, earning $22 per week (about $455 in 2026 dollars).

Bowman told the Marine Corps that while still in school, he played baseball and football and participated in school plays. His hobbies included rifle shooting and woodworking.

Military Career

Shortly before he turned 20, Bowman volunteered for the Marine Corps. Since he was under 21 years old, the age of majority at the time, his parents consented to his enlistment on January 30, 1942. Bowman enlisted in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 3, 1942. An exam described hm as standing five feet, six inches tall and weighing 124 lbs., with brown hair and eyes.

On February 4, 1942, he joined the 8th Recruit Battalion, Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. He transferred to the 3rd Recruit Battalion on February 7 and to the 4th Recruit Battalion on February 20.

During World War II, Marines often had only one opportunity to qualify on various weapons during boot camp and it was not required to become a rifleman. Private Bowman attempted to qualify with the M1903 Springfield rifle on March 24, 1942, but his score of 187 of 250 was just under the minimum score of 196 to qualify. On April 11, 1942, he also failed to qualify with the bayonet.

On April 14, 1942, Bowman transferred to and joined the Barracks Detachment, Marine Barracks, Naval Operating Base, Norfolk, Virginia. On May 7, around 1400 hours, he boarded U.S.S. Joseph T. Dickman at Norfolk, sailing at 1300 on May 9. At 1500 on May 14, 1942, his ship arrived at the Naval Operating Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. At 0830 the following morning, May 15, he disembarked and joined the Guard Company, Marine Corps Barracks, Naval Operating Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Also or later known as 1st Guard Company?

Bowman’s first M.O.S. was 522, guard-patrolman. He was promoted to private 1st class on July 1, 1942.

On October 1, 1942, he transferred to the 155 mm 3” Artillery Group, which was or later became part of the 13th Defense Battalion, at Guantanamo Bay. On November 3, 1942, he shot for qualification with the new M1 Garand rifle, but his service record book does not reveal whether or not he qualified.

On March 1, 1943, he transferred back to the 1st Guard Company, 13th Defense Battalion, Fleet Marine Force, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. On June 29, 1943, he qualified with the Reising submachine gun, one of the more distinctive Marine weapons. Due to its poor reliability in the rain and mud of Pacific battlefields, it was relegated to guard and shipboard use. Curiously, although Bowman would later earn high honors in combat with the Browning Automatic Rifle, there is no record of him ever attempting to qualify with it.

Bowman’s records indicate that by the summer of 1943 he had gained one inch of height and 21 lbs. of weight. He now stood five feet, seven inches tall and weighed 145 lbs.

On August 13, 1943, Bowman took the Army General Classification Test. His score of 65 placed him in Class IV, below average on the five-class scale. He also scored a 96 a mechanical aptitude test, placing him in Class III. At his classification interview, also on August 13, Bowman stated that his preferred duty would be aviation mechanic.

On August 20, 1943, Private 1st Class Bowman transferred to the Casual Detachment, 25th Marines, Marine Corps Barracks, Naval Operating Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He was at sea from August 28, 1943, until September 8, 1943. He was able to take a lengthy furlough from September 17, 1943, until October 16, 1943. On October 20, 1943, probably at Camp Elliott, California, he transferred to and joined Company “A,” 1st Battalion, 25th Marines, 4th Marine Division. Shortly thereafter, on October 29, 1943, his M.O.S. was reclassified to 745, rifleman. However, according to his qualification card, his principal duty was 746, automatic rifleman.

In early 1944, the Marine Corps implemented a 13-man rifle squad composed of a squad leader and three four-man fire teams. Each fire team consisted of a team leader, an automatic rifleman, an assistant automatic rifleman, and a rifleman. The automatic rifleman was armed with the Browing Automatic Rifle (B.A.R.). It was a popular weapon, though heavy. Its 20 round magazine and high rate of fire gave it more firepower than the 8-round M1 Garand semiautomatic rifles carried by the other three members of the fire team.

Combat in the Pacific Theater

Company “A” (Reinforced) boarded U.S.S. LST-267 on Maui on the morning of May 12, 1944. The following day, they began five days of rehearsals for their next operation in the Mariana Islands. They set sail on May 19, arriving the following day at Pearl Harbor. On May 21, 1944, a landing ship laden with fuel and ordnance exploded. The conflagration spread to other vessels in what became known as the West Loch Disaster. 1st Battalion, 25th Marines lost one man killed and 11 injured, all from Company “B.” Despite the setback, Landing Team 1 sailed for the Marshall Islands on May 25, 1944, arriving on June 9 at Eniwetok Atoll. The following day, they sailed west again, arriving in the Mariana Islands on June 15.

Amphibious tanks from Company “C,” 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion—a U.S. Army unit—led 1st Battalion, 25th Marines to Beach Yellow 2.

According to the sample citation included with his commander’s recommendation for the Navy Cross submitted after the battle:

(b) During the early hours of morning on D plus one day, heavy enemy artillery and mortar fire was delivered on positions occupied by Private First Class BOWMAN’s platoon. After the fire had ceased, the enemy under cover of the darkness of early morning, launched a severe close in counter-attack employing light machine guns, knee mortars, and rifle fire as well as throwing of many hand grenades. His platoon leader ordered a withdrawal to a more covered position which was begun immediately.

(c) Private First Class BOWMAN without being ordered to do so, elected to remain in his fox-hole to cover the withdrawal. So effectively did he fire his automatic rifle that the withdrawal with carried out without any further casualties. When later the positions were reoccupied by his platoon, he was found dead in his fox-hole, killed by enemy hand grenades. Beside his body were found twenty four empty magazines and all his hand grenades thrown.

If accurate, the detail about 24 empty magazines indicates that Bowman had fired as many as 480 rounds from his B.A.R. at the Japanese attackers before he was overwhelmed. The B.A.R. magazine belt held 12 magazines, suggesting either that Bowman had been carrying extra ammunition, that Bowman’s assistant had left magazines before withdrawing, or both.

Although the citation stated that Bowman was killed by enemy grenades, his death certificate stated that he suffered a fatal gunshot wound to the head.

Around August 23, 1944, Bowman’s company commander, Captain John R. Schumerth (1917–2008), recommended that Bowman be awarded the Navy Cross, noting: “It is doubtful whether such a withdrawal could have taken place had it not been for Private First Class BOWMAN’s action.”

Bowman’s personal effects included a watch, a wallet, two driver’s licenses, a vehicle registration and bill of sale, his Social Security card, a calendar, a civilian identification card, and 76 cents.

On August 15, 1944, Journal-Every Evening reported that “Memorial services for Pfc. Harry S. Bowman, U. S. Marine Corps, killed on June 16 on Saipan, will be held at 8 o’clock next Sunday evening [August 20] at the Peoples Baptist Church in Hamilton Park.”

Bowman was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross, second only to the Medal of Honor. It was presented to his mother on September 28, 1945, at the Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Philadelphia. He was also awarded the Purple Heart. For the collective actions of its members, the 4th Marine Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.

Bowman was initially buried at the 4th Marine Division Cemetery on Saipan on June 19, 1944. After the war, Bowman’s mother requested that his body be repatriated to the United States. In 1948, his body returned aboard Albert M. Boe. On June 13, 1948, following his funeral at the Mealey Funeral Home in Wilmington, Bowman was buried at Gracelawn Memorial Park near New Castle, Delaware. His name is honored nearby on the Wall of Remembrance at Veterans Memorial Park.

Private Paul A. August (1917–1944)

Early Life & Family

Paul Aloysius August was born in Wilmington, Delaware, on January 25, 1917. He was the third child of Joseph Bernard August (1882 or 1883–1937) and Bertha Ellen August (née Davis, 1887–1966). He had two older brothers, James Edward August (1910–1926) and Francis August (1913–1942), a younger brother, Joseph Fred August (1919–1989), and a younger sister, Margorie or Majorie Ann August (1920–1920).

Available records suggested that August lived in Wilmington until he entered the service. The August family was recorded on the census in January 1920 living at 338 South Claymont Street. August’s father was working as a cooper. The family was living at the same address when his younger sister was born on August 3, 1920. Tragically, she died two months later, on October 15, 1920.

The August family had moved to 320 South Claymont Street by November 10, 1926, when another tragedy struck the family. August’s 15-year-old brother, James, died of tetanus at the Physicians and Surgeons Hospital in Wilmington a few days after accidentally shooting himself in the hand with a pistol. August was recorded on the census in April 1930 at the same address. His father was unemployed and his mother was working for a meatpacker, while his older brother, Francis, was working as a laborer. August’s father died of heart disease at the Delaware Hospital in Wilmington on October 22, 1937.

August was recorded on the next census in April 1940 still living at 320 South Claymont Street and working as a molder for an iron company. His mother was working for a wholesale meatpacker, his brother, Francis, as a truck driver for a beer company, and his other brother, Fred, as a welder at a shipyard.

When he registered for the draft on October 16, 1940, August was living at the same address and working for W. E. Williams at 821 Orange Street. The registrar described him as standing five feet, 11 inches tall and weighing 186 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes and a scar on his right knee.

According to his personnel file, which survived the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire largely intact, August was a laborer at a foundry who had completed one year of high school. He told the Army that he “molded metal parts by machine” and earned a weekly wage of $25 (about $568 in 2026 dollars). His mother told the Public Archives Commission that her son worked at the malleable iron works.

Military Career & Marriage

After he was drafted, August was ordered to report at the State Armory in Wilmington at 0730 hours on April 29, 1941. Later that day, he was inducted into the U.S. Army in Trenton, New Jersey. He immediately went on active duty and was attached unassigned to Company “I,” 1229th Reception Center, Fort Dix, New Jersey. By May 5, 1941, he had been assessed and classified. At the time, his specification serial number was recorded as 521, basic, indicating that he did not have civilian skills applicable to a specific military job.

During World War II, some soldiers had basic training while attached unassigned to training units, while others were assigned directly to units, where they were trained by more experienced men. On May 8, 1941, August was one of seven men from his reception company dispatched to the Field Artillery Replacement Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. However, once there, he was assigned not to a Field Artillery unit but a Coast Artillery Corps unit. On May 9, 1941, August joined Company “A,” 67th Coast Artillery Regiment (Antiaircraft). At the time, antiaircraft artillery was not a separate branch but under the Coast Artillery Corps.

On May 13, 1941, August’s unit moved to Windy Hill, South Carolina. They returned to Fort Bragg on June 4. A roster dated July 31, 1941, the earliest to list Private August’s duty, recorded his code as 704, field telephone operator. Effect August 2, 1941, his basic training was complete and he ceased to be a mere “recruit” in the eyes of his regiment.

On August 27, 1941, Private August and his unit moved by road to Quewhiffle, North Carolina. The following day, they moved to Lakeview, North Carolina, before returning to Fort Bragg on August 29.

Private August went on furlough on August 30, 1941, returning to duty on September 6. Later that month, his battery had target practice. On October 8, 1941, August’s battery spent the day “on Motor Convoy practice” driving to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The next day, they drove back. Then on October 11, they moved again to Wilmington, North Carolina, where they installed communications equipment. A morning report noted that during October 20–25, they “Participated in Interceptor exercises[.]” They returned to Fort Bragg on October 26. On November 6, August’s unit departed Fort Bragg again, heading to South Carolina. They spent most of the month participating in the Carolina Maneuvers with IV Corps before arriving back at Fort Bragg late on November 30.

The November 1941 roster, the earliest to list both duty and military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) codes, listed August as a field telephone operator for both.

In the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the German declaration of war on the United States, antiaircraft units were rushed to defend vital factories and military installations along the East Coast. This was either due to paranoia or to provide public reassurance. Germany and Italy did not have any operational aircraft carriers nor did they possess land-based aircraft with the range to threaten the continental United States from their bases in Europe and Africa. In theory, the Germans could have developed a submarine capable of launching a plane, a capability that the Japanese demonstrated, but in the event no such U-boats were deployed. The Japanese did not have the necessary logistical capabilities to attack the West Coast with their aircraft carriers, much less the East Coast.

Private August and Battery “A” departed Fort Bragg on December 9, 1941, and headed north. On December 12, the battery arrived at Mitchel Field, New York. 1st Platoon was dispatched to Paterson, New Jersey, home of the Curtiss-Wright aircraft engine factory, that same night. The following day, the rest of the unit headed to Camp Upton, New York. 2nd Platoon also headed to Paterson that night. The entire battery was reunited at Paterson on December 14. It operated as a searchlight battery there.

On January 28, 1942, the Wilmington Morning News reported that Private August “has recovered from an illness in which he received treatment at the Governor’s Island Hospital, and is with his company at Pearl River, N. Y.” That location is a little northeast of Paterson.

The February 1942 roster listed August’s duty as field telephone operator but his M.O.S. code changed was 691. It is unclear what 691 was at the time, though later it was flexible gunnery trainer operator mechanic. There were no further changes until the May 1942 roster, when both were crossed out and 544, control station operator, written in for both. That duty involved controlling an antiaircraft searchlight control station, and according to AR 615-26, to qualify in that M.O.S., a soldier needed “at least 2 months’ training and experience in control station operating.”

On June 15, 1942, Battery “A” was disbanded and its personnel transferred to other three other batteries in the newly activated 3rd Battalion, 67th Coast Artillery. Private August was one of 162 men transferred to Battery “I,” which was activated as the 3rd Battalion searchlight battery at Paterson the same day.

Another shuffle occurred the same month. Effective June 1, 1942, technician grades were introduced in the U.S. Army, involving a pay bump (and at the time, noncommissioned officer status) to men with special skills. The Battery “I” morning report dated June 22, 1942, stated that August was promoted to technician 5th grade effective June 1. On the other hand, his personnel file gave the effective date as June 15. Battery “I” finally departed Paterson on October 31, 1942, moving a short distance to Teaneck, New Jersey. From this point, 3rd Battalion operated separately from the rest of the regiment.

On November 11, 1942, Technician 5th Grade August lost another brother when Francis August died of testicular cancer in the Memorial Hospital in Wilmington. The funeral was scheduled for the morning of November 16, 1942. August was reported absent without leave (A.W.O.L.) at 2300 hours that night. It is unclear if he overstayed a pass as a result of the death or whether he slipped off base to attend the funeral after failing to obtain a furlough. He returned to duty at 1400 hours on November 18. Going A.W.O.L. for any length of time for any reason could have serious repercussions for a soldier’s career.

On November 19, 1942, August and his unit headed south by road, staying overnight at Havre de Grace, Maryland, before continuing on to the A.P. Hill Military Reservation, Virginia, on November 20. Likely as a result of going A.W.O.L., August was reduced back to private on December 14, 1942.

At 0700 hours on New Year’s Day 1943, Private August and his battery moved to Portsmouth, Virginia, arriving at 1545 that afternoon. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard was a vital military facility in the area, though as before there was no threat from Axis aircraft. On the morning of January 3, 1943, August went on a special duty assignment with Battery “I,” 502nd Coast Artillery Regiment (Antiaircraft). He returned to his regular unit at 1600 hours on January 5. On the morning of March 15, 1943, he went on detached service at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. He returned to Battery “I” at 1800 hours on March 21.

The 67th Coast Artillery Regiment, less August’s 3rd Battalion, had gone overseas to the Mediterranean Theater in January 1943. The orphaned 3rd Battalion was inactivated on May 24, 1943, and reorganized into the 371st Antiaircraft Searchlight Battalion. Battery “I,” 67th Coast Artillery became Battery “A,” 371st Antiaircraft Searchlight Battalion. They remained at Portsmouth. On the initial roster, dated May 24, 1943, Private August’s duty and military occupational specialty codes were listed as 763, searchlight crewman. He went on furlough on June 20, 1943, returning to duty on June 27.

August married Eula Gertrude Jarrett (née Charlton, 1900–1989) in New Haven, Connecticut, on December 24, 1943. His bride, a resident of Norfolk, Virginia, across the river from where August had been stationed in Portsmouth, had lost her first husband to tuberculosis. August became a stepfather, though his stepdaughter, Edna Banasiak (later Weller, 1918–2004), was just a little younger than him. His stepson, Charles Holland Jarrett (1921–2014), was an aviation cadet under instruction with the 999th Technical School Squadron at Yale University, which presumably is why the wedding happened in Connecticut rather than in Virginia or Delaware. Neither morning reports nor August’s personnel file mentioned a furlough, suggesting he had a pass for Christmas.

On December 27, 1943, Battery “A” moved by road to Camp Pendleton, in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Two days later, they moved a short distance south to Pungo, Virginia, before returning to Camp Pendleton on December 30. On January 7, 1944, they moved west by road to Franklin, Virginia, but returned to Camp Pendleton during the night of January 10–11. On January 19 they moved to Oceana, near Virginia Beach, returning to Camp Pendleton on January 27.

August went on furlough on February 1, 1944, returning to duty on February 7. This may have been as close as he got to a honeymoon, since it was the first furlough he had after his wedding. On March 1, 1944, his battalion began moving south to Camp Davis, North Carolina. 91 men from Battery “A” moved by road that day, while the 131 others followed the next evening by train. The unit was reunited at Camp Davis at 0945 hours on March 3.

On April 7, 1944, Private August was in a group of men from his battalion who went on temporary duty at the Ordnance Shop, Camp Butner, North Carolina. He returned to Battery “A” the following day.

By this point, of course, the aerial threat to the American homeland had failed to materialize. Allied advances pushed the Axis back further and further while increasingly degrading enemy air forces. At the same time, combat losses made it clear that when a new front opened in 1944 in northwest Europe, the U.S. Army faced a shortage of replacement infantry. Recognizing that it had more antiaircraft personnel than it needed, the Army began combing through units looking for soldiers to retrain as infantrymen.

A set of orders from Headquarters Antiaicraft Artillery Training Center dated May 9, 1944, transferred Private August and a large number of men from his battalion to the 300th Infantry Regiment, with a report date no later than May 15. His M.O.S. at that time was still searchlight crewman.

On May 13, 1944, Private August was one of 104 men from Battery “A” who left Camp Davis to join the 300th Infantry at Camp McCain, Mississippi. The following day, he and 138 other former members of the 371st joined Company “H,” 300th Infantry.

Private August went on furlough again on July 3, 1944. Journal-Every Evening mentioned that August and his wife visited August’s mother during this furlough. It is possible that he did not disclose his marriage to his family until then, since Norfolk papers announced the marriage in January but the Wilmington papers did not until the end of July. August was late returning from furlough and was reported A.W.O.L. at 0600 hours on July 17, 1944. He returned to duty at 2300 hours on July 20.

Effective July 17, 1944, August’s M.O.S. changed to 745, rifleman. With the completion of his retraining, a set of orders came down on July 29, 1944, transferring Private August to Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 1, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. He and 72 other men from Company “H” departed the 300th Infantry on August 3. On August 17, he was transferred to a replacements shipment, GC-900(a)-A.

Combat in the European Theater

Private August shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation on August 24, 1944. He arrived in the United Kingdom on August 31 and entered the replacement system for the European Theater of Operations. He shipped out again for France on September 17, 1944, arriving the following day. On September 26, 1944, Private August was transferred from the Detachment 71, Ground Forces Replacement System (71st Replacement Battalion), to the 79th Infantry Division. That same day, he joined that division’s Company “L,” 314th Infantry Regiment.

August was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge effective November 1, 1944.

Private August was reported killed in action on December 2, 1944, near Niederschaeffolsheim, France. According to his burial report, he suffered fatal shell fragment wounds to his head, left side of his torso, and left leg. A morning report stated that his battalion was in defensive positions and that Private August was the only casualty his company suffered that day. He was initially buried on December 12, 1944, at a military cemetery in Epinal, France.

August’s personal effects included his wedding ring, an identification bracelet, a Bible, a prayer book, a crucifix, a Ronson cigarette lighter, a pocket knife, two religious medals, an Eversharp fountain pen and pencil kit, an address book, and 10 photographs.

In a letter dated June 22, 1945, an officer from the Quartermaster Corps wrote to August’s widow:

I regret to advise that included among your husband’s effects are books which are damaged, apparently by bloodstain and water. Please say whether you want these items sent with the remainder of the property. It is our desire to refrain from sending any article which would be distressing; at the same time, we do no feel justified in removing the items without your consent.

Eula August responded:

Thanks for your consideration, but wish to have all of my husbands [sic] effects, regardless of condition, if my husband had to fight and give his life in a Hell, I think I can stand to know a little about the circumstances. Even tho the Army seems to think we should be deceived about so many things concerning our loved one’s [sic] and what they had to suffer[.]

In 1947, Private August’s widow requested that his body be repatriated to the United States for burial at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. His casket returned to the United States from Antwerp, Belgium, aboard Lawrence Victory, and then went from the New York Port of Embarkation to Washington, D.C., by train. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on May 19, 1948. His name is honored on the Wall of Remembrance at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle.

Why on hold: Unit records and trying to get a photo

Private 1st Class Joseph M. Le Van (1919–1944)

*Joseph M. Le Van (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Joseph Michael Le Van was born on the morning of March 22, 1919, at the Homeopathic Hospital, 1501 North Van Buren Street in Wilmington, Delaware. He was the second son of John Paul Le Van (also known as Paul John LeVan, 1893–1977) and Sophia Levan (née Gallagher, c. 1890–1955). At the time he was born, his parents were living at 415 Lombard Street in Wilmington.

Le Van’s father was a house painter whose first wife, Sophia’s sister, Bridget (1891–1914), had died from tuberculosis complicated by childbirth. The couple’s two children also died very young. In addition to those two half-siblings, Le Van had an older brother, Paul Le Van (1916–1989), and a younger sister, Marie Le Van (1921–1973). Le Van was Catholic.

Available records indicate that Le Van moved several times during his childhood but remained in Wilmington. The Le Van family was recorded on the census in January 1920 living at 1 South Lincoln Street in Wilmington. When his sister, Marie, was born on September 25, 1921, the Le Vans’ address was listed as 701 Bennett Street.

Le Van attended various parochial schools in Wilmington: St. Mary’s, St. Paul’s, and St. Patrick’s. His hobbies included movies, reading, and swimming. As of the spring of 1936, Le Van was living at 204 West 7th Street.

On May 8, 1936, Le Van applied for the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) in Wilmington. During the 1930s, the C.C.C. provided opportunities for unemployed young men to earn money for their families while completing various public works projects as part of President Roosevelt’s New Deal. Although not a military organization, the C.C.C. was administered by military officers in paramilitary fashion. Le Van told the C.C.C. that he dropped out of school in February 1936 after completing the 6th grade.

Le Van enrolled in the C.C.C. on May 14, 1936. His term of enrollment was variable at the discretion of the government, with discharge possible as soon as September 30, 1937, or as late as October 15, 1938. He was examined at Fort DuPont, Delaware, where a physician noted that he stood five feet, 6¼ inches tall and weighed 139 lbs. Le Van began doing mosquito control work while assigned to the 1295th Company at Camp MC-54, Magnolia, Delaware. He was honorably discharged on September 30, 1937.

Le Van applied to reenroll in the C.C.C. in Wilmington on May 21, 1938. He wrote that he wanted to find work as a painter after completing his C.C.C. service.

At the time of his second enrollment in Wilmington on July 7, 1938, he was still living at 204 West 7th Street. He stood five feet, eight inches tall and weighed 165 lbs., with brown hair and eyes and a scar on his left hand. He committed to serve with the 1295th Company at Magnolia again until December 31, 1938. He compiled a satisfactory record doing mosquito control work there through November 8, 1938. The following day, a detachment from his company was dispatched to Redding, California, presumably by train. On November 14, 1938, Le Van began doing forest reclamation work at Camp Baird No. 2. He performed satisfactorily there and agreed to an extension of his enrollment. On September 17, 1939, after declining to reenroll, Le Van departed the 1295th Company. He returned to the East Coast and was honorably discharged from the C.C.C. at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on September 25, 1939.

Le Van’s older brother was in the Delaware National Guard and federalized on September 16, 1940.

Military Career

Le Van enlisted in the U.S. Army in Wilmington on September 4, 1940. As a volunteer prior to the American entry into World War II, he was able to choose his branch and duty station: Infantry, Panama Canal Department. He was briefly stationed at Fort Slocum, near New York City. On October 1, 1940, he joined Company “B,” 33rd Infantry Regiment at Fort Clayton, Canal Zone. A roster dated August 31, 1941, the first to include duty codes, listed Le Van’s as 745, rifleman. Later rosters also listed his military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) code as 745. The attack on Pearl Harbor saw his unit with Force “A” in Dutch Guinea (Surinam). His parent organization was later redesignated U.S. Army Forces in Surinam.

On July 20, 1942, the Wilmington Morning News reported about Le Van’s activities in surprising detail considering wartime censorship pertaining to overseas military activities, stating that he

is among the U. S. soldiers in the vicinity of Paramaribo, Dutch Guinea, South America, who are keeping close watch against sabotage on the bauxite ships. He and his companions have been making round tripos on the Surinam River from the capital city of Paramaribo to a point 104 miles up stream to the bauxite village of Moengo.

Military necessity sometimes resulted in ironic assignments. Regulars like Private Le Van who had volunteered to become infantrymen sometimes ended up in backwater assignments far from combat zones, even as draftees with less time in service began entering combat.

Le Van was promoted to private 1st class on April 12, 1943. It appears that around June 1, 1943, his company was redesignated or inactivated and a new Company “B,” 33rd Infantry reconstituted from Company “B,” 166th Infantry Regiment.

July 1943 found Private 1st Class Le Van a member of Company 18, 2nd Provisional Battalion at Jackson Barracks, New Orleans Port of Embarkation. At 1800 hours on August 1, 1943, Le Van and a group of men departed Jackson Barracks, en route to the 69th Replacement Battalion, Infantry Replacement Training Center, Fort McClellan, Alabama. There , he was attached to Company “C,” 69th Replacement Battalion. On August 7, 1943, he was placed on special duty “at S.P.A. Fort McClellan[.]”

On September 17, 1943, Private 1st Class Le Van joined Company “C,” 64th Armored Infantry Battalion at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas. On October 25, 1943, he went on a special duty assignment at the officers’ mess. He returned to regular duty with Company “C” on November 22, 1943. He was hospitalized at the Station Hospital, Camp Chaffee, during February 3–11, 1944. Le Van went on furlough on March 23, 1944, returning to duty on April 4.

On April 15, 1944, Le Van and three other men from his company were transferred to the 7th Armored Division. Two days later, Le Van joined Company “B,” 48th Armored Infantry Battalion, 7th Armored Division at Fort Benning, Georgia.

Private 1st Class Le Van served as a rifleman in his new unit.

Private 1st Class Le Van was one of 35 men from his company declared missing in action as of October 29, 1944.

Private Lawrence P. Traynor, Jr. (1921–1945)

Early Life & Family

Lawrence P. Traynor, Jr. was born on June 15, 1921, at the Physicians and Surgeons Hospital on Adams Street in Wilmington, Delaware. He was the only child of Lawrence P. Traynor (1897–1950) and Leona E. Traynor (née Wiedeman, 1902–1933). His father, a salesman, was a World War I veteran, while his mother was an inspector for a bolthing [?] company. When Traynor was born, his parents were living at 411 North Van Buren Street. He had an older half brother, Francis Daniels (1919–?), whose father, John A. Daniels (1892–1918), was a victim of the Great Influenza pandemic.

Traynor was recorded on the census in April 1930 living at 1200 Elm Street with his paternal grandparents, parents, and half-brother. They were still living there as of early 1933.

When Traynor was 11, on March 1, 1933, his mother died in the Homeopathic Hospital in Wilmington from what her death certificate stated was “Degeneration of Brain Tissue[.]”

Traynor attended Wilmington High School.

Military Career

Most of the records pertaining to Traynor’s military career were destroyed during the fall of the Philippines and in the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire.

Traynor volunteered for the U.S. Army in Wilmington on August 14, 1939. Before the U.S. entry into World War II, volunteers often had their choice of unit or at least branch. His enlistment data card reported that he was enlisted for the Philippine Department. The following day, the Wilmington Morning News reported:

          Family tradition of following the profession of arms was maintained yesterday by Lawrence P. Traynor, Jr., 18, of 1028 McDowell Street, who enlisted at the district recruiting office of the U. S. Army, postoffice building, for service with the Coast Artillery Corps in Hawaii.

          His father, Lawrence P. Traynor, served in the Searchlight Division during the World War. His uncle, Andrew P. Traynor, was in the Second Tank Corps during the way.

          His first cousin, Andrew F. Traynor, Jr., is now a sergeant with the Twelfth Infantry at Fort Howard, Md.

On October 27, 1939, Private Traynor joined Battery “A,” 59th Coast Artillery Regiment (Harbor Defense) on Fort Mills on Corregidor. Early the following year, on January 17, 1940, he transferred to Headquarters Battery, 59th Coast Artillery. He was promoted to private 1st class on July 26, 1940. A roster noted that on December 24, 1940, Private 1st Class Traynor went on detached service “for purpose of visiting points of military interest in” the Philippine Islands. He returned to duty on January 2, 1941. He was reduced back to the grade of private effective February 1, 1941. On June 1, 1941, he was transferred to Headquarters & Headquarters Battery, Harbor Defenses of Manila & Subic Bays, also located at Fort Mills. On November 5, 1941, Private Traynor was hospitalized at Sternberg General Hospital in Manila.

Wilmington newspapers reported that Traynor was still in the hospital when the Pacific War began. For the Philippines, on the other side of the International Date Line from Hawaii, it was December 8, 1941.

Many records were lost in the fall of the Philippines, including the morning reports for Harbor Defenses of Manila & Subic Bays. However, Traynor must have returned to duty by February 1942 since he signed that month’s payroll. He was also in the March 1942 payroll, the last to make it out of the Philippines before the surrender.

The Empire of Japan was slow to report the names of its prisoners of war. It was only on February 24, 1943, over a year after his capture, that the War Department was notified of his capture via the International Red Cross. The Wilmington Morning News reported on April 3, 1943, that his family had only been informed three weeks earlier that Traynor was a prisoner of war.

1st Lieutenant Edward V. Atwell, Jr. (1920–1944)

*Edward V. Atwell (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Edward Victor Atwell, Jr. was born at St. Paul’s Sanitarium in Dallas, Texas, on January 19, 1920. He was the only child of Edward Victor Atwell, Sr. (a real estate broker 1883–1969) and Ida Bakey Atwell (née Ida Mary Bakey, 1883–1933). His birth certificate noted that his parents were residents of Wilmington, Delaware, at the time. On September 30, 1921, Every Evening, a Wilmington newspaper, described Atwell’s father: “During the World War he left Wilmington to enter the military service, and after the declaration of the armistice he went to Texas. Since his return from the South he has resided in Delaware City.” On the other hand, in 1969, the Evening Journal reported that the elder Atwell “was formerly a real estate researcher for the Du Pont Co. Later, he went into the real estate business for himself, occupying an office at 10th and Market Sts.” The paper described him as a resident of Wilmington since 1901, though it appears that the Atwells divided their time between residences in Wilmington and a farm they owned in Cecil County, Maryland.

The Atwells were recorded on the census in April 1930 living at the Du Pont Building on West 10th Street in Wilmington.

Atwell was 13 when his mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage on May 23, 1933. Her obituary gave her residence as Barksdale, Maryland, in unincorporated Cecil County off Barksdale Road, north of Elkton, Mayland, while her death certificate described her as a resident of Elkton itself. Atwell graduated from Wilmington High School in June 1939. Later that year, on October 28, 1939, his father remarried in Wilmington to Emma Whiteman Snyder (née Emma Whiteman Richards, 1886–1973), herself a widow. The 1940 census recorded the Atwells as living in the Fair Hill area north of Elkton, Maryland.

When he registered for the draft on July 1, 1941, Atwell was living with his father on Rural Free Delivery No. 3 in Elkton, Maryland. His occupation was listed as “Farming & Automobile Mechanic” and his employer as Mackenzie & Strickland Automobile Agency in nearby Newark, Delaware. Similarly, his enlistment data card later that year described him as a semiskilled motor vehicle mechanic. The registrar described him as standing about five feet, eight inches tall and weighing 150 lbs., with blond hair and blue eyes and scars on his right elbow. His military paperwork described him similarly, albeit with brown hair.

Upon enlistment, Atwell described his work history as three years of “General Mechanic Work” earning $25 per week (about $525 in 2025 dollars). On the other hand, the Wilmington Morning News reported that “Atwell was an auditor with the Coca-Cola Company here before entering the service.”

Military Career

A portion of Atwell’s personnel file, mostly pertaining to his time as an enlisted man, survived the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire, meaning some more details about his career are available than many other soldiers. Microfilmed copies of his flight records and morning reports also survived.

Atwell was drafted before the U.S. entered World War II. The Wilmington Morning News reported that on November 17, 1941, Atwell and 14 other men selected by the Local Board, Cecil County, were notified to report for induction into the U.S. Army on November 24, 1941. On November 25, 1941, he went on active duty and was attached unassigned to Company “B,” 1303rd Service Unit, Camp Lee, Virginia. Evidently Atwell expressed interest in the Army Air Forces or was recruited based on his background as a mechanic, but there was a catch: Atwell had to commit to a three-year stint in the Regular Army. As a formality, he was honorably discharged from the U.S. Army on November 26, 1941, and reenlisted the following day. On December 6, 1941, he was transferred to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, though he did not leave Camp Lee until December 11, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Upon reporting at Jefferson Barracks on December 12, 1941, Private Atwell was attached unassigned to the 357th School Squadron.

In 1942, Atwell volunteered to become an aviation cadet. On September 7, 1942, he passed a flight physical at the Army Air Forces Classification Center, Nashville, Tennessee.

*Atwell as an aviation cadet (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

By May 25, 1943, Atwell had 231.4 hours under his belt as a student pilot, including 171.8 hours as first pilot. In April and May 1943 he was flying the AT-6 and AT-10.

Aviation Cadet Atwell was honorably discharged from the U.S. Army on May 27, 1943, at Blytheville Army Air Field, again as a formality. On May 28, 1943, Atwell was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant.

On May 29, 1943, a set of orders came down transferring 2nd Lieutenant Atwell to the 46th Bombardment Group at Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma. He was authorized to take 10 days of leave prior to reporting by June 10, 1943. He joined the 51st Bombardment Squadron (Light), 46th Bombardment Group (Light). On June 19, 1943, he was transferred to the 673rd Bombardment Squadron (Light), 417th Bombardment Group (Light). He accumulated more hours, mostly flying the A-20 and B-25.

On the morning of October 19, 1943, Lieutenant Atwell was cleaning a pistol but failed to verify that the weapon was unloaded. When he pulled the trigger, it discharged, fracturing the terminal phalanx (bone at the tip) of his left hand. He was treated at the Station Hospital, DeRidder Army Air Base, where physicians debrided the wound and applied a Banjo traction splint. He returned to duty on November 7, 1943.

The Pacific Theater

By May 22, 1944, 1st Lieutenant Atwell had 643 hours, 25 minutes of flight time under his belt, including 365 hours, 55 minutes as first pilot since getting his wings. May 1944 was a particularly busy month. During the first three weeks of the month, Atwell logged 20 flights in A-20s and B-25s, totaling 45 hours.

On May 22, 1944, 1st Lieutenant Atwell and his copilot, 2nd Lieutenant Chester N. Burns (1919–1944), took off from Nagzab, New Guinea, in B-25 serial number 41-29692. In addition to the three crew members, there were seven passengers aboard. Their route would take them over the dense mountains of eastern New Guinea to Saidor, on the northern coast. The bomber was not heard from again. Searches of the rugged terrain along their route turned up nothing.

In a March 11, 1947, letter to State Archivist Leon deValinger, Jr. (1905–2000), the elder Atwell glumly noted: “No further word have [sic] ever been received of my Son, or any of the 10 [sic] others in the Plane with him […] no one seems to know what happened and I doubt now if we ever will.” In 1950, a board of officers declared that Lieutenant Atwell and the others aboard the plane were non-recoverable. However, that was not the end of the story.

According to a summary by the Quartermaster Corps Memorial Division, in May 1959, a Lutheran missionary notified the U.S. consulate in Sydney, Australia, that

certain United States Army publications had been recovered from the wreckage of a plane found by natives at the headwaters of the Sorop and Erap rivers in New Guina. Human remains were reported to be present at the wreckage site.

A U.S. Army search and recovery team based in Hawaii arrived in New Guinea on June 23, 1959. The crash site was deep in the mountainous interior of the island. The town of Naramonke was the closest the team could approach by road. With an Australian guide and locals hired as carriers, the team hiked from village to village along mountain trails. “On 1 July, the Search Party finally reached the site of the wreckage, situated below the tree line at an elevation of 9,500 feet.”

The team was able to recover human remains from at least seven men and some personal effects, including identification tags for Captain Randall M. Dorton, Jr. (1920–1944) and a plate from a flight jacket belonging to 1st Lieutenant Robert J. Arndt (1921–1944). Individual identification proved impossible and in 1960 the remains, which the Army declared were from all 10 men, were given a group burial at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, Missouri.

1st Lieutenant Atwell’s name is honored at the Manila American Cemetery and Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware.

Why on hold: Gathering unit records

Sergeant John J. Paisley (1920–1944)

*John J. Paisley (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

John Joseph Paisley was born at 1340 Claymont Street in Wilmington, Delaware, on February 25, 1920. He was the son of Elizabeth May Paisley (also known as Elizabeth Needham, later Denn, and eventually Murphy, 1905–1987). His mother, only 14 at the time, was the victim of rape. She declined to name the father when she applied for a birth certificate for him in 1939. Paisley may have been raised to believe that his mother was his sister, since he described her that way when he registered for the draft.

Paisley was recorded on the census in April 1940 living at 929 East 17th Street with his mother and stepfather, John Murphy. He was described as a truck driver working on a C.C.C. drainage project. Journal-Every Evening reported that Paisley “attended the George Gray School and St. Patrick’s Parochial School.”

Paisley’s enlistment data card described him as a carpenter with a grammar school education.

When Paisley registered for the draft on July 1, 1941, he was still living at 929 East 17th Street with his mother and stepfather, but was now working as a joiner for the Pullman Company in Wilmington. Journal-Every Evening stated that Paisley worked for the company for over a year prior to entering the military. The registrar described him as standing five feet, 10 inches tall and weighing 153 lbs., with brown hair and hazel eyes.

Military Career

After he was drafted, Paisley joined the U.S. Army at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on January 28, 1942. Another Delawarean, Harold T. Hitchens (1915–1944), was drafted in the same cohort as Private Paisley. On April 9, 1942, both men joined Company “B,” 104th Infantry Regiment, 26th Infantry Division, at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, transferring from the Branch Immaterial Replacement Center, Fort McClellan, Alabama.

The 104th Infantry was originally part of the Massachusetts National Guard. Company “B” had been federalized in Springfield, Massachusetts, on January 16, 1941. The company was understrength at the time, with only 48 enlisted men on the rolls. Draftees flowed into the unit beginning with local conscripts and then, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, those from further afield like Hitchens and Paisley.

During the spring of 1942, the 104th Infantry was scattered across the southeastern United States, patrolling the coastline from Florida to North Carolina. Despite the paranoia that followed the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Germans lacked the amphibious capacity to successfully cross the English Channel, much less the Atlantic Ocean. At most, German submarines could land spies or saboteurs, which happened only a handful of times.

As of May 31, 1942, Private Paisley’s duty and military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) codes were both listed as 521, basic. That indicated he was still in training or not yet qualified for an M.O.S. The last known Company “B” roster to list duty and M.O.S. codes was September 1942. Private Paisley was still listed as a 521.

A 104th Infantry history book published at the end of the war, History of a Combat Regiment 1639–1945, “In January, 1943, the regiment was withdrawn from patrol duty and reassembled on the 27th of the month at Camp Blanding, Florida, for conditioning and amphibious training.” Similarly, Company “B” morning reports state that on January 24, 1943, Paisley and his comrades moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, where they boarded a train, arriving at Camp Blanding early the following morning.

Paisley was promoted to private 1st class on April 1, 1943. On the night of April 17–18, 1943, Company “B” boarded a train and headed back north around midnight. Following a brief stop in Macon, Georgia, Paisley and the others arrived at Camp Gordon, Georgia, that afternoon. At Camp Gordon, the 26th Infantry Division was finally reassembled and continued its training.

Paisley and Hitchens were among a group of enlisted men who went on furlough on June 21, 1943. After returning to Delaware, on the afternoon of June 27, 1943, Paisley married Mary Christine Lentelle (1924–1974) in Wilmington. Paisley was due back by at Camp Gordon by midnight on the night of July 1–2, 1943. Four men including Paisley and Hitchens did not make it back in time and were declared absent without leave (A.W.O.L.). Presumably, their return journey took longer than anticipated and they did not attempt to contact their commanding officer to request an extension, could not get through, or their requests were denied. It may also have complicated matters that on July 2, Company “B” moved a short distance to a bivouac area outside Camp Gordon. There is no indication that the two Delawareans were traveling together since Private 1st Class Paisley returned to duty at 1000 hours on July 3, while Hitchens returned the following day at 1500 hours.

Going A.W.O.L. for any length of time could be extremely damaging to a soldier’s career, with demotions to private and fines common. In Paisley’s case, neither occurred—perhaps his company commander took pity on his newly married soldier—though perhaps not coincidentally, he was selected for a special duty assignment pulling guard duty at the post stockade later that month.

On September 2, 1943, Company “B” departed Camp Gordon by road. After stopovers in Fairmount, Georgia, and Fayetteville, Tennessee, the unit arrived at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, on September 10.

Paisley went on furlough on November 17, 1943. He was promoted to corporal effective November 19, 1943, and returned to duty on November 27. He presumably became an assistant squad leader at that point.

Paisley was promoted to sergeant on January 1, 1944, apparently in anticipation changes to the rifle company table of organization that was officially released the following month, with rifle squad leaders becoming staff sergeants rather than sergeants and assistant squad leaders becoming sergeants rather than corporals. Later that month, on January 22, 1944, the 104th Infantry departed Camp Campbell for the Tennessee Maneuver area near Lebanon.

For the next two months, the 104th Infantry was in the field. Sergeant Paisley and the men of Company “B” were constantly on the move by truck or on foot, participating in various exercises and bivouacking while waiting for the next. History of a Combat Regiment 1639–1945, stated:

Tennessee Maneuvers were “rough.” The problems, with the accompanying rain, snow, and mud, were executed so realistically that men of the 104th later agreed that the only difference between maneuvers and combat was that there was no “hot lead” flying around. The combat battalions marched through a blacked-out countryside, forded small streams, ate K-rations, and slept in the mud. Always it seemed to rain. Support and supply units followed up and performed their duties much the same as in combat. Armies were designated by red or blue helmet and arm bands. Each week a different type of tactical problem of from three to five days was “fought,” with umpires armed with special signal flags and score sheets ruling on the success or failure of local actions and ultimately determining the “victors” in each week’s campaign.

On week-ends, a limited number of men when into troop-crowded Lebanon, Nashville or surrounding towns for showers and a good meal.

Company “B” crossed the Cumberland River during at least two exercises, including one on March 16, 1944. Viewed from above, the meanders of the river north of Lebanon resemble a series of horseshoes lined up from west to east. The land on the interiors of the horseshoes, surrounded by the river on three sides, are known as bends: Cairo Bend, Belotes Bend, Hunters Point Bend, etc.

On the night of March 22–23, 1944, the 104th Infantry Regiment began its last exercise of the Tennessee Maneuvers at Averitts Ferry on the east side of Beasleys Bend. The mission to cross over the river to Puryears Bend must have seemed simple enough. In that area, the Cumberland River is about 400 to 500 feet wide. What they saw that night, however, must have given them pause: swollen by days of rain, the river was a raging torrent.

That night, 23 men, all but one of them from the 104th Infantry, clambered into an assault boat. 17 of the men were from Company “B.” Aside from Sergeant Paisley, the occupants included 1st Lieutenant John N. Dunski (1918 – 1944), the regimental S-1 (personnel officer); 1st Lieutenant Walford T. Nilsson (1915–1985), the Company “B” executive officer; 2nd Lieutenant Richard P. Grosvenor (1919–1944), who had been attached to Company “B” from the 76th Infantry Division on February 11; 1st Sergeant Bernard J. Jackimczyk (1915–1944); and Private Leroy C. Strand (1921–1944), a combat veteran who was wounded during the Battle of Attu in the Aleutians.

Out in the Cumberland River, the boat overturned, throwing the soldiers into the swift-flowing water. Sergeant Paisley and 20 other men drowned. There were only two survivors: 1st Lieutenant Nilsson and Private 1st Class Simon Neurick (1912–2004) from Medical Detachment, 104th Infantry. The Nashville Tennessean reported on March 25, 1944, that the two men were “rescued by another boat after they had struggled to the point of exhaustion in the heavy waters[.]” The article added that “Private Neurick reported that he touched shore on at least three occasions, but could find no foothold that would enable him to crawl ashore.”

Accounts are contradictory about whether the tragedy occurred before or after midnight on March 23, 1944, though officially the men went missing on the 22nd. Recovery efforts continued for weeks afterward. Sergeant Paisley’s wife was notified on March 25, 1944, that her husband was missing. Paisley’s body was recovered on April 5, 1944.

After funeral services at his mother’s home on April 11, 1944, and requiem mass at St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church, Paisley was buried at Cathedral Cemetery.

Paisley’s widow remarried on June 10, 1946, to James Robert North (1926–1995), with whom she raised two daughters.

Paisley’s name is honored at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware, and on a plaque at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, commemorating the accident.

Staff Sergeant Charles E. Banning (1921–1944)

*Staff Sergeant Charles E. Banning being awarded the Air Medal (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

Charles Edward Banning was born in the Bronx, New York, on October 21, 1921. He was the son of Charles Edward Banning (1892–1950?) and Anna Sabina Banning (née Mark, c. 1891–1951). His father was born in England, immigrated to the United States, became a naturalized citizen, and worked as a bricklayer. He had an older sister, Muriel Barbara Banning (later Fennimore, c. 1917–1997?)

Banning graduated from Pierre S. duPont High School in 1939. He told the Army that the only sport he participated in was boxing.

Little is clear about Banning’s early life. He was not recorded on any known census records from 1930, though it appears that his parents were separated or divorced by then. Banning’s mother was described as a widow on the 1940 census—though this was a common deception at the time due to the shame of divorce—and when consenting to her son’s enlistment later that year, she told the U.S. Army that her husband was deceased.

According to his enlistment paperwork, Banning had worked as a truck driver for five months prior to entering the military, earning $18 per week. On his qualification card, he also stated he had worked for one year of experience as a carpenter apprentice for the Boyce Construction Company in Wilmington, earning $15 per week until he left that job on September 1, 1940. The job included setting floor joists, laying hardwood floors, and installing window sashes.

As of November 5, 1940, when he was examined in Wilmington prior to enlistment, Banning was described as standing five feet, 7½ inches tall and weighing 139 lbs., with brown hair and eyes.

Military Career

Soon after he turned 19, Banning volunteered for the Regular Army in Wilmington, Delaware, on or about November 4, 1940. Since the age of majority at the time was 21, his mother consented to his enlistment. By volunteering, he was able to pick his branch and duty station, something that would be inconceivable soon after when draftees swelled the ranks of the Army. On November 9, 1940, Private Banning enlisted in Wilmington for a three-year term in the Hawaiian Department in the Medical Department.

According to his personnel file, Banning was attached to 3rd Recruit Company from November 12, 1940, until January 4, 1941. After basic training, Private Banning shipped out from Fort McDowell, California, on January 24, 1941, arriving in Honolulu, Hawaii, six days later.

On January 30, 1941, Private Banning was attached to the Division Medical Detachment, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. For unknown reasons—possibly because he was still training—he did not become an assigned member of that unit until February 20, 1941. On March 14, 1941, Banning transferred to the (4th?) Service Company, 11th Medical Regiment, also stationed at Schofield Barracks. On an unknown date, he was transferred to the 44the Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field. He was attached to that unit around September 8, 1942, until October 17, 1942, possibly before a transfer. He joined the 333rd Fighter Squadron at Wheeler Field on August 23, 1942. He was attached to Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, 18th Fighter Group, from October 17, 1942, through January 21, 1943.

On May 1, 1941, Private Banning was rated as a specialist 6th class. At the time, specialist ratings indicated that a private or private 1st class possessed a special skill. His personnel file gave the reason for the rating as Banning being qualified as a clerk. However, he was derated on July 1, 1941.

Banning was promoted to private 1st class on October 2, 1941, and to corporal on an unknown date. The first military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) listed in Banning’s personnel file was 055, general clerk, as of December 1941.

On or about March 10, 1942, Corporal Banning was accused of being drunk and disorderly in Honolulu. He was placed under arrest in his quarters at Wheeler Field, demoted to private, and referred for trial by summary court-martial. On March 23, Banning pled guilty. He was restricted to the base for one month and forfeited $20 in pay. However, he was promoted back to corporal on May 1, 1942. He was promoted to sergeant on July 21, 1942.

He was attached to the 73rd Fighter Squadron from February 18, 1943, through April 15, 1943.

On April 18, 1943, Banning departed Honolulu by sea, arriving at San Francisco, California, on April 27. Around April 28 he joined the 4th Air Force Replacement Depot, Hammer Field, California. On May 23, 1943, he joined the 337th Fighter Squadron at Glendale, California. On May 25, 1943, his M.O.S. was reclassified as 747, airplane and engine mechanic. On July 5, 1943, Sergeant Banning was examined at Sawtelle, California, to determine if he was physically qualified to attend aerial gunnery training. Physicians determined that he did meet the qualifications. Sergeant Banning graduated from Aerial Gunnery and Fire Control School at Wendover Field, Utah, on an unknown date. On September 18, 1943, Sergeant Banning was rated as 748, airplane mechanic-gunner. On December 24, 1943, Sergeant Banning qualified at the expert level with the .45 pistol.

Although he had previously passed on purchasing National Service Life Insurance, on January 6, 1944, Sergeant Banning applied for a $10,000 policy effective February 1, with his mother as beneficiary.

In February 1944, Sergeant Banning went overseas via the southern route. Flying to Europe via the Caribbean Sea, South America, and Africa took significantly longer time than flying over the North Atlantic Ocean, but had generally less hazardous weather and shorter overwater segments.

Banning’s crew departed from West Palm Beach, Florida, on February 1, 1944, arriving at Borinquin, Puerto Rico. They flew to Atkinson Field, British Guiana, on February 2; to Belém, Brazil, on February 6; to Natal, Brazil, on February 7; across the Atlantic to Dakar, Senegal on February 11; and to Marrakesh, Morocco, on February 12. The final segment on February 17, 1944, was the longest, an 11-hour flight to Prestwick, Scotland, bypassing neutral Portugal, Spain, and Ireland, as well as German-occupied France.

Banning was with Squadron “A,” 14th Replacement Control Depot until he was transferred to the 44th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on February 28, 1944. The same day, his crew was assigned to the 68th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) per Special Orders No. 59, Headquarters 44th Bombardment Group (Heavy), and joined the squadron the following day.

Why on hold: He has the largest and most comprehensive B-file that I have ever seen. This a good thing, but it also means a lot of material to go through and incorporate.

2nd Lieutenant Charles D. Campbell (1911–1944)

Early Life & Family

Charles Denard Campbell was born in Selbyville, Delaware, on September 13, 1911. He was the second child of George Campbell (a sawyer in a sawmill) and Elizabeth Hubbard Campbell.

Military Career

Campbell was drafted a few months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. His enlistment data card described him as a manufacturing foreman with one year of college. He was inducted back into the U.S. Army on March 21, 1942, at Fort Dix, New Jersey. That same day, he was attached to Company “G,” 1229th Reception Center at Fort Dix. He left Fort Dix by train for an unknown destination on March 25, 1942. According to his mother’s statement, Campbell was quickly promoted back to sergeant and stationed at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. She added that he moved to Fort Benning, Georgia—probably for Officer Candidate School—and was subsequently stationed at Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas, and Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.

It appears 2nd Lieutenant Campbell was on detached service at the B.F. Goodrich Army Training School, Akron, Ohio, when the 533rd Armored Infantry Battalion was disbanded on August 31, 1943. He was attached unassigned to Headquarters 534th Armored Infantry Battalion, joining that unit on September 13, 1943, at Camp Chaffee after completing his assignment in Akron. He was transferred from the 12th Tank Group to go overseas as a replacement officer. On October 3, 1943, he was detached from the 534th Armored Infantry Battalion and dispatched to Army Ground Forces Replacement Depot No. 1, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. On October 5, 1943, he was attached unassigned and joined Headquarters Detachment, 4th Replacement Regiment there. He was assigned the duty of pool officer.

On November 13, 1943, Campbell was transferred to a replacement shipment, GI-633-A., which also included Private Ralph G. Henretty (1925–1944), a fellow Delawarean also destined to lose his life in the Mediterranean Theater. Campbell most likely shipped out from the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation and arrived in Casablanca, Morocco. On December 4, 1943, he was attached unassigned to Company “B,” 32nd Replacement Battalion (Separate), at Camp Don B. Passage, near Casablanca, Morocco.

Campbell’s movements for the next few months are unclear, but he was with the 2nd Replacement Depot by the summer of 1944. He was attached unassigned to the 405th Replacement Company, 18th Replacement Battalion, 8th Replacement Depot effective July 23, 1944.

Why on hold: Awaiting release of 1945 morning reports and still hoping to get photo from family.

Private James J. Giletti (1906–1945)

Early Life & Family

James Joseph Giletti was born Vincenzo Giletti in Wilmington, Delaware, on December 18, 1906. He was the son of John Giletti (c. 1871–1949) and Sabina Giletti (née Colalillo or similar, 1881–1920), Italian immigrants. His father was a stonemason. He had at least five sisters.

A document listing “Infant Baptisms at Italian Mission,” West Presbyterian Church in Wilmington, listed Giletti and one of his younger sisters being baptized on July 16, 1909.

In April 1910, the family was recorded living at 1814 West 7th Street.

The family was at 1916 West 8th Street in January 1920 when recorded on the census. Giletti was recorded as Vicent. It appears that his mother died of complications from childbirth that same year.

In April 1940, Giletti was recorded as Vincent Giletti living with his father and older sister at 406 North Union Street.

When Giletti registered for the draft on October 16, 1940, he was unemployed and living with his father at 406 North Union Street. The registrar described him as standing five feet, 5½ inches tall and weighing 145 lbs., with black hair and brown eyes and a mole on his left cheek. He worked as a roofer before entering the service.

Although he was already 35 years old, Giletti was examined at the direction of Local Board No. 3, Wilmington, and found to be suitable for military service.

Though he served under the name James Joseph Giletti, and it is the most common spelling in other records, his headstone gives his name as James Joseph Gilletti. However, his mother’s headstone uses the spelling Giletti. Another variant seen in some directories is James J. Gillette.

Military Career

After he was drafted, Giletti was inducted into the U.S. Army at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on May 12, 1942. That same day, he went on active duty and was attached unassigned to Company “D,” 1229th Reception Center there. On or about May 16, 1942, Private Giletti left Fort Dix to begin his training. On May 26, 1942, Giletti was assigned to Company “C,” 142nd Infantry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division, at Camp Blanding, Florida. He was placed on special duty with the 36th Division Reception Center, presumably for basic training. On July 8, 1942, he went on detached service with the 36th Division Rear Detachment, Camp Blanding, Florida.

On August 22, 1942, he transferred to Medical Detachment, 142nd Infantry.

The Wilmington Morning News reported on November 21, 1942: “Announcement has been made by Mr. Frank Colonna of the engagement of his daughter, Miss Frances Clonna, to Mr. James Giletti, son of Mr. and Mrs. John Giletti.”

Giletti’s personnel file was among those lost in the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire, but a few documents pertaining to his service survived, including morning reports, a surgical record from June 14, 1944, his last pay voucher, and a set of special orders pertaining to his transport to a Veterans Administration facility and discharge from the U.S. Army. A June 1944 morning report recorded his military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) code as 657. In the context of a regimental medical detachment, 657s were litter bearers.

On September 2, 1943, Private Giletti and 22 other enlisted personnel from the regimental medical attachment were attached for duty and rations to Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 142nd Infantry Regiment. Although members of the regimental medical detachments worked closely with them, as Medical Department personnel they could not be organic to any infantry unit, only attached. Based on this morning report, Private Giletti most likely served as a litter bearer evacuating 1st Battalion casualties for at least five months.

On March 10, 1944, he went to a rest camp, returning to duty on March 14. On May 10, 1944, Giletti and 33 other medical personnel attached to 1st Battalion were detached from that battalion.

Giletti was severely injured in a jeep accident around 2330 hours on June 10, 1944. He was rushed to the 1st Battalion Aid Station in about 10 minutes. From there, he transferred by Company “B,” 111th Medical Battalion to the care of the 52nd Medical Battalion (?). He arrived at the 38th Evacuation Hospital before 0900 on June 11. His case was handled by Neurosurgical Team No. 1 (N.S. 1) led by Major Charles Edward Dowman (1910–1987) and Captain Warren W. Greene (probably 1912–2003) from the 2nd Auxiliary Surgical Group on detached service at the 38th Evac. The neurosurgical teams consisted of a neurosurgeon, an assistant neurosurgeon, a nurse anesthetist, a surgical nurse, and two technicians, though it appears the team may have been without the nurse anesthetist at the time.

His physicians later wrote:

Seen first on 11 June at which time patient was still groggy from [anesthetic] but was moving his legs slightly, particularly flexio[n] of knees. KJ [knee jerk] & AJ [ankle jerk] were slightly hyperactive, with positive plantar response.

Although his condition was unchanged on June 12, it deteriorated drastically the following day, with the knee jerk and ankle jerk reflexes absent and his legs rendered largely insensitive. Doctors later determined that Giletti suffered a fracture to his T11 vertebrae and traumatic myelitis, inflammation of the spinal cord. At 0815 hours on the morning of June 14, 1944, surgeons spent three hours and 15 minutes performing a laminectomy to try relieve pressure on his spinal cord, but Giletti did not regain the use of his legs and remained paraplegic. Since the injury also paralyzed his bladder, doctors performed a suprapubic cystostomy on June 21, 1944.

It is unclear how long Giletti remained at the 38th Evacuation Hospital since evacuation hospitals often did not maintain morning reports documenting their patients. At some point between June 14, 1944, and June 25, 1944, he was treated at the 59th Evacuation Hospital.

On June 25, 1944, Giletti was admitted to the 32nd Station Hospital in Caserta, Italy, after being transferred from the 59th Evacuation Hospital. At 0800 hours on the morning of June 27, he was transferred to the 64th General Hospital at Maddaloni, Italy. He was admitted there the same day.

On July 2, 1944, Giletti was transferred to the 3rd General Hospital at San Leucio, Italy. The following month, Giletti was evacuated to the United States by air from Casablanca, Morocco. His plane arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, at 0930 hours on August 13, 1944. He was admitted to the Detachment of Patients, Army Air Forces Convalescent Center & Regional Station Hospital, Mitchel Field, New York. On August 18, 1944, a set of orders came down transferring him to Ashford General Hospital in White Sulfur Springs, West Virginia.

Private Giletti transferred to the Veterans Administration Facility, Fort Howard, Maryland, and honorably discharged from the U.S. Army.

Around that same time, his injuries resulted in pyonephrosis, a kidney infection. Damage to his kidneys resulted in chronic uremia around January 1945. Giletti was pronounced dead at 1140 hours on April 5, 1945. Journal-Every Evening reported the following day that funeral services “will be held at 8:30 o’clock Tuesday morning” April 10, 1945, at his former home, “with solemn requiem mass at 9:30 o’clock at St. Anthony’s R. C. Church.” He was buried at Cathedral Cemetery. His father was also buried there after his death.

Even though his death was due to a wartime injury, since Private Giletti had been discharged prior to his death, his name was omitted from the official 1946 list of U.S. Army fatalities compiled for Delaware. However, due to the vigilance of the Public Archives Commission, he is honored at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle.

On May 18, 1944, Private Giletti and other members of Medical Detachment, 142nd Infantry Regiment were awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge (C.I.B.). This was subsequently revoked because medical personnel were not supposed to be eligible for that decoration. Giletti would have been eligible for a retroactive award of the Combat Medical Badge (C.M.B.) once it was created in 1945, but it is unclear if that ever occurred. That would also have made him eligible to be retroactively awarded the Bronze Star under a 1947 policy that determined any soldier who had earned the C.I.B. or C.M.B. during World War II had also met the criteria for the Bronze Star.

Why on hold: Genealogical mysteries and unit records

Private Raymond E. Garrett (1923–1943)

Early Life & Family

Raymond Edward Garrett was born in Seaford, Virginia, on February 8, 1923. Garrett married Edith Blanch Rainone (1926–1952) in Wilmington on June 7, 1942.

When he registered for the draft on June 30, 1942, Garrett was living with his wife’s family at 116 Brookside Avenue in the Brack Ex area west of Elsmere. The Brookside Avenue address was crossed out at some point and 619 West 4th Street, New Castle, Delaware, was written in. That address was also crossed out. 116 Brookside Avenue was written again at the top of the card, suggesting the couple may have returned to Brack Ex, but none of the alterations were dated. Garrett’s employer was recorded as the Pullman Shops in Wilmington. The registrar described him as standing five feet, five inches tall and weighing 120 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes.

Military Career

After Garrett was drafted, he was inducted into the U.S. Army in Camden, New Jersey, on January 21, 1943. He attended basic training at Camp Croft, South Carolina, and volunteered for the airborne.

Private Garrett was attached from Casual Company, The Parachute School to the 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment for administration per Special Orders No. 161, Headquarters The Parachute School, dated July 8, 1943. He was placed on special duty as a range guard. The following day, July 9, 1943, he was attached for quarters, rations, and administration to Headquarters & Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 515th Parachute Infantry, while remaining as a range guard.

He was with the 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment until August 5, 1943, when he transferred to the 1st Academy Company, The Parachute School, Fort Benning, Georgia.

He went on furlough October 5–17, 1943.

On November 15, 1943, Private Garrett transferred to the 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment, also located at Fort Benning. He departed from the 1st Academic Company at 1600 hours. The following day he was assigned to and joined Company “A,” 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment.

According to a 515th Parachute Infantry history:

From 31 May 1941 till 1 December 1943 the regiment functioned as a replacement pool for The Parachute School. The original cadre of 184 non-commis[s]ioned officers were furnished by the 507 Parachute Infantry Regiment. The officers were drawn from the Parachute Loss and Replacement Pool. The Regiment was kept on cadre strength until it was relieved from duty as an administrative agency, effective date 1 December 1943.

At this time the 1st Battalion was composed of qualified parachutists and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were composed of unqualified parachutists. Qualification of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions was commenced on 20 December 1943 and the 1st Battalion concurrently began a basic training program.

On December 30, 1943, Private Garrett was killed in a training accident. Journal-Every Evening reported that he died “when his parachute failed to open during a paratroop training jump[.]”

After funeral services at his in-laws’ home on January 4, 1944, Garrett was buried in Silverbook Cemetery in Wilmington.

Private 1st Class William H. Hall (1924–1945)

*William H. Hall (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

William Henry Hall was born in Wilmington, Delaware. He was the son of George Marshall Hall (1895–1967) and Sarah B. Hall (née Black, 1899–1940). He had two older sisters, an older brother, George Marshall Hall, Jr. (1921–2001), and a younger brother, John Black Hall (1926–1940).

When Hall was 15, his mother died at the family home, at 1303 Lancaster Avenue, on February 11, 1940. The rest of the family was recorded on the census on April 8, 1940, living there. Hall’s father was working as a telephone company lineman, while his oldest sister was a waitress.

Another tragedy struck the family later that year on November 5, 1940, when a teenager shot Hall’s younger brother, John B. Hall, at the Canby Park quarry. The Wilmington Morning News reported on November 19, 1940, that the shooting “was caused by the ‘deliberate recklessness and negligence’ of Robert Miller, 16, a coroner’s jury said last night.” The teenager claimed to have been shooting targets at the quarry and denied seeing hall see John B. Hall. Other witnesses testified that the fatal shooting occurred after two groups at the quarry had fired their weapons dangerously close to one another, though “There was no quarrel, the five boys testified.” During the same incident, another child was struck by an air rifle and another narrowly escaped injury when a round passed through his legs.

Journal-Every Evening reported that “Hall attended Brown Vocational High School[.]” Hall’s enlistment data card described him as having completed three years of high school and listed his occupation as “unskilled machine shop and related occupations.” When he registered for the draft on June 30, 1942, Hall was living at 805 Wilmington Avenue in Elsmere and working for the Pennsylvania Railroad in Wilmington. The registrar described him as standing about six feet tall and weighing 135 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes.

His brother, George M. Hall, Jr., was also an infantryman in the U.S. Army during World War II but was medically discharged.

Military Career

Hall was drafted in early 1943. He was inducted into the U.S. Army in Camden, New Jersey, on February 18, 1943. A family statement for the State of Delaware Public Archives Commission suggested that he went on active duty on February 23, 1943. Most soldiers who entered the Army from Delaware began their careers attached to the 1229th Reception Center, Fort Dix, New Jersey. According to the family statement, Private Hall was assigned to the Cavalry at Fort Riley, Kansas, where he was stationed from late February 1943 through June 18, 1944.

Private Hall was most likely one of 84 enlisted men assigned on April 3, 1943, to Troop “I,” 29th Cavalry Regiment, at Fort Riley, Kansas. The 29th Cavalry had been activated there on January 23, 1943. Although the identities of those 84 men are not recorded in the troop morning reports, Hall first appeared on the troop payroll at the end of the month.

A portion of Private Hall’s official military personnel file survived the 1973 National Personnel Records Center fire which destroyed the vast majority of U.S. Army personnel files from the World War II era. Surviving documentation includes stateside medical records, insurance paperwork, award paperwork, and correspondence from the War Department to Hall’s father.

On May 1, 1943, Private Hall applied for a $5,000 National Service Lice Insurance policy payable to his father. Several months later, on August 4, 1943, Hall was on a wagon at a stable loading hay when he fell, fracturing his left wrist. He was treated at the Station Hospital, Fort Riley, Kansas, where a physician applied a plaster cast. After his injury healed, Hall was discharged from the hospital and returned to duty on October 15, 1943. He was promoted to private 1st class on October 28, 1943. Hall went on furlough during November 8–23, 1943, presumably returning to Delaware.

With the obsolescence of the horse cavalry, the U.S. Army Cavalry branch’s role had shrunken drastically. The 1st Cavalry Division had converted into an infantry unit and the 2nd Cavalry Division was disbanded. Some mechanized cavalry reconnaissance troops, squadrons, and groups remained active during the war. On May 1, 1944, Private 1st Class Hall transferred to Troop “C,” 128th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized), which had been activated that same day at Fort Riley. On June 13, 1944, Private Hall and 19 other men from his troop transferred to the 70th Infantry Division at Camp Adair, Oregon.

On June 22, 1944, the Wilmington Morning News reported that Private 1st Class Hall and Private 1st Class Donald C. Hammond (1923–1996) of Wilmington

have been transferred from the cavalry to the infantry at their own request, it was announced today by Col. Thomas W. Herren, commandant of the Cavalry School, Fort Riley, Kan. The infantrymen, who entered the service last February and trained with the 128th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, […] have been sent to Camp Adair, Ore., for their infantry training.

On June 20, 1944, Private 1st Class Hall joined Company “G,” 276th Infantry Regiment, 70th Infantry Division. His military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) code was recorded as 745, rifleman. An undated physical examination performed soon after described Hall as standing five feet, 9½ inches tall and weighing 140 lbs. It noted that he had a benign heart murmur, full dentures, and eyeglasses. On June 26, 1944, Hall began an 18-day furlough.

They later moved to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.

In late November 1944, the 276th Infantry moved to Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. Private 1st Class Hall and his comrades moved to the Boston Port of Embarkation on December 6, 1944, shipping out that afternoon.

The 276th Infantry Regiment arrived in Marseille, France, on December 15, 1944. Just over a week later, the regiment began moving north by train and truck to Alsace. Hall and the rest of 2nd Battalion went into the line on December 29, 1944, along the Rhine near Soufflenheim, France. On December 31, 1944, the Germans tried to capitalize on their earlier failed offensive through the Ardennes with another offensive in Alsace and Lorraine: Operation Nordwind.

New Year’s Day 1945 found the 276th Infantry as the VI Corps reserve, and the regiment was temporarily attached to the 45th Infantry Division the following day. 1st Battalion was hit hard by a German attack on January 4, 1945, which captured Wingen-sur-Moder, France. While 1st and 3rd Battalions dealt with Wingen, Hall’s 2nd Battalion, which had been attached to the 313th Infantry Regiment of the 79th Infantry Division, captured nearby Lichtenberg, France.

Private 1st Class Hall was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge per General Orders No. 1, Headquarters 276th Infantry, dated January 24, 1945.

Hall was listed as missing in action on March 8, 1945. On April 13, 1945, the War Department changed his status to killed in action as of the date he went missing. According to his burial report, Hall suffered fatal shell fragment wounds. His personnel effects included a black Fitchhorn flute, a pair of eyeglasses with case, a money belt, a tobacco pouch, a Ronson cigarette lighter, a glass ash tray, a key, and two sewing kits.

Journal-Every Evening reported that Hall’s father received confirmation of his death on April 14, 1945. Hall was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart.

Private 1st Class Hall was initially buried at an isolated grave outside Schœneck, France. After the war, his body was disinterred, identified from his dog tags, and reburied at nearby Saint-Avold cemetery on January 21, 1946.

After the war, Private 1st Class Hall’s father requested that his son’s body be interred at an overseas military cemetery. The numerous temporary overseas cemeteries were consolidated to a handful of permanent cemeteries. Even at those cemeteries earmarked to become permanent ones, significant reburials were necessary since many bodies originally buried there were repatriated to the United States. On March 30, 1949, Hall was reburied at Saint-Avold, now known as the Lorraine American Cemetery.

Private 1st Class Hall’s name is honored on the Pennsylvania Railroad’s World War II memorial at Philadelphia’s 30th Street Station and at Veteran’s Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware.

Why on hold: Release of 1945 morning reports to the National Archives Catalog

Private William F. Lynn (1908–1945)

*William F. Lynn (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

William Francis Lynn was born on July 14, 1908, at 209 West 6th Street in Wilmington, Delaware. He was the child of William Francis Lynn (1874–1934) and Mary Frances Lynn (née Duffy, 1878?–1961?). The Wilmington Morning News reported that the Lynn family undertaking business had been founded in Wilmington in 1835, and was one of the oldest continually operating businesses in the state by 1932. Lynn had an older sister, a younger sister, and a younger brother.

The Lynn family was recorded at 209 West 6th Street on the 1910 and 1920 censuses, which the Wilmington Morning News reported was also the location of the undertaking firm. On April 15, 1930, the Lynn family was recorded at 207 Linden Court. Lynn’s occupation was recorded as embalmer, presumably at his father’s business.

Lynn married Lucy F. Fucella (1909–1988) in Baltimore, Maryland, on December 11, 1930. The couple had one son, also named William Francis Lynn (1932–2005).

On June 27, 1934, Lynn was driving with his father and four aunts near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, when his father suffered a fatal heart attack.

He worked as an undertaker before entering the service.

Some fields in his enlistment data card may have been garbled when the document was digitized. He was described as having completed three years of high school. He was also listed as separated, without dependents, which may be supported by the fact that when he registered for the draft, Lynn listed his mother rather than his wife as a point of contact.

Lynn’s younger brother, John Patrick Lynn (1923–1968) served in Company “C,” 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division in the U.S. Army during World War II.

Military Career

After he was drafted, Lynn was inducted into the U.S. Army on December 22, 1942. His wife’s statement for the State of Delaware Public Archives Commission indicates that he went on active duty on December 29, 1942, at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Private Lynn was assigned to the Medical Department. His wife stated that her husband was stationed at Fort McClellan, Alabama, from January through April 1943. He then transferred to Fort Meade, Maryland, until September 1943, when he moved to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. She wrote that he remained there until March 1944, when he moved to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. That suggests he went overseas from the New York Port of Embarkation in early 1944. The only unit she listed was the 45th Field Hospital, which was activated around September 1943 and arrived in England in March 1944. The hospital landed in France on June 10, 1944, four days after D-Day, and Belgium in September 1944.

Private Lynn went A.W.O.L. while assigned to the 238th Station Hospital at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. He was apprehended and confined at Fort DuPont, Delaware, where a guard was dispatched to retrieve him on June 11, 1943.

On July 27, 1943, a set of orders came down from Headquarters 3rd Service Command in Baltimore, Maryland, which transferred a large portion of the 238th Station Hospital’s complement to the 239th Station Hospital, also stationed at Fort George G. Meade. On August 1, 1943, Private Lynn and 172 other men joined the 239th from the 238th.

As of September 6, 1943, when he began a nine-day furlough, Private Lynn was a member of the 239th Station Hospital at Fort Bragg. On January 22, 1944, Private Lynn transferred to the 45th Field Hospital, also stationed at Fort Bragg.

A morning report established Private Lynn’s military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) as 861, surgical technician.

Aside from morning reports, very few textual records for the 45th Field Hospital survive in the National Archives. Private Lynn is not mentioned in the hospital’s extant general orders. The only other set of textual records is a 1945 report by Major Max W. Wolf pertaining to the 45th Field Hospital’s First Hospitalization Unit. The report does not reveal the movements of additional hospitalization units nor its members. Morning report indexes suggest the hospital split into two or three hospitalization units in December 1944.

Private Lynn was probably, but not definitely, a member of First Hospitalization Unit, as its location matches the location where he reportedly died. The unit began 1945 in Fallais, Belgium, but moved to Malmédy on January 17. From January 19, 1945, until February 26, 1945, they treated casualties resulting from the American counteroffensive against the German advance known as the Battle of the Bulge. After John P. Lynn was wounded in the head by artillery shell fragments in January 1945, Lynn was able to visit his brother.

First Hospitalization Unit of the 45th Field Hospital moved to Euskirchen, Germany on March 8, 1945, where its members treated casualties from the Battle of Remagen, in which American forces captured the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine. Three days later, the unit moved closer to the Remagen bridgehead, setting up at Bad Neunahr, Germany. The 102st Evacuation Hospital took over for the unit on March 14, 1945, and they staged at nearby Ahrweiler until crossing the Rhine to Niederbieber on March 26, 1945.

Major Wolf wrote in his report:

On March 26 this unit moved to Neider Beiber, where we set up in tents in support of the 2nd Infantry Division. We received no casualties and the following day moved to Montabaur. Here we took over a german [sic] hospital containing about 115 recovered Allied Prisoners of War. In addition, we also functioned as an evacuation hospital, supporting troops from V-Corps.

According to a March 29, 1945, 45th Field Hospital morning report, Private Lynn died at 0100 hours from a coronary occlusion. He was just 36 years old.

Lucy Lynn remarried on September 21, 1946, in Wilmington to Lloyd S. Malzer.

Why on hold: Incorporating newspaper articles from prewar, and waiting for 1945 morning reports

Private Claude B. Wiles (1916–1942)

Early Life & Family

Claude B. Wiles was born on February 5, 1916, in Rock Creek Township or nearby Roaring River, both in Wilkes County, North Carolina. He was the 10th child of farmers Ambrose Wiles, Sr. () and Alice Wiles (née Privette or Prevett). Three older siblings died very young prior to his birth.

Wiles was recorded on the census in January 1920 living with his parents and four older siblings on a farm in Cecil County, Maryland. Census records indicate that Wiles and his family moved to Representative District 8 in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware, prior to April 1, 1935. When the Wiles family was recorded there in April 1940, Wiles was unemployed. When he registered for the draft—the card was undated but it was presumably on or about October 16, 1940—Wiles was living in Eastburn Heights, Marshallton, Delaware, and working for the Reading Railroad Marine Department.

Wiles was living in Eastburn Heights when he entered the service. According to his enlistment data card, he was a chauffeur or driver before he joined the military.

Military Career

Wiles volunteered for military service. He enlisted in the U.S. Army in Wilmington, Delaware, on January 27, 1942. Like many soldiers who entered the service in Delaware, Private Wiles was initially stationed at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Many Delawareans spent about a week there before being transferred to other bases to attend basic training. He was not formally assigned to any unit but was attached to the 1229th Reception Center.

Wiles went absent without leave (A.W.O.L.) on February 9, 1942, and apparently made his way back to Delaware. On the afternoon of February 15, 1942, Private Wiles was discovered with a gunshot wound to his head. He was pronounced dead at Wilmington General Hospital. An autopsy concluded that he had died by suicide.

Journal-Every Evening reported that Wiles’s funeral “will take place [at] the Smith Funeral Home, Twenty-fifth and Market Streets, Thursday afternoon [February 19, 1942,] at 3 o’clock. Interment will be in St. James Cemetery, Stanton.”

Sergeant William L. Nelson (1918–1943)

*William L. Nelson c. 1941 (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Early Life & Family

William Lloyd Nelson was born on the evening of February 22, 1918, near Dover, Delaware. He was the eldest child of John Clarence Nelson (a farmer, 1892–1983) and Carrie Nelson (née Phillips, 1895–1965). He had a younger sister, Dorothy M. Nelson (later Dorothy Davis and eventually Dorothy Davis McCafferty, 1920–2003).

The Nelson family was recorded on the census in January 1920 living on a farm outside Dover. (The census record said they were on the Dover and Hazelville Road, but it was most likely the Dover-Hazlettville Road). Nelson was recorded as Lloyd Nelson on the next census in April 1930. The family was living on a farm along Chesapeake City Road in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware, south of Glasgow.

On April 29, 1932, Nelson’s parents purchased a farm along Cedar Lane Road between Jamison Corner and Armstrong Corner, north of Middletown, Delaware. Nelson was recorded living with his parents there at the time of the 1940 census. Later that year, when he registered for the draft on October 16, 1940, Nelson was working for the Hercules Powder Company in Wilmington. The registrar described him as standing five feet, 10 inches tall and weighing 155 lbs., with brown hair and blue eyes. He was Protestant.

Journal-Every Evening stated that Nelson “graduated from the Middletown High School and Beacom Business College and when drafted January, 1941, was employed in the Order Department of the Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington.” On the other hand, the 1940 census and Nelson’s enlistment data card described him as a high school graduate, not a college graduate. Nelson’s wife’s statement for the State of Delaware Public Archives Commission described him as an accounting clerk.

Military Career

Nelson was drafted before the U.S. entered World War II. He was inducted in Trenton, New Jersey, on January 9, 1941. His wife stated that her future husband spent 10 days at Fort Dix, New Jersey, before he was dispatched to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Like many men joining the rapidly-expanding U.S. Army at that time, he was assigned directly to a unit for his initial training. In January 1941, he joined Company “H,” 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. The June 1941 roster, the earliest to include duty codes, listed Private Nelson’s as 521, basic.

During a furlough back home to Delaware, Nelson married Rebecca Pyle at the First United Presbyterian Church in Wilmington on the evening of September 8, 1941.

A January 1942 roster listed a change in Nelson’s duty and military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) codes to 607, mortar gunner or light mortar crewman. The following month, he was promoted to private 1st class. The May 1942 roster indicated that Nelson had been promoted to corporal and reflected a change in his duty and M.O.S. codes to 603, gunner. (This seems to have been a blanket reclassification since no 607s were listed in the company roster for the month.) The June 1942 roster recorded another duty and M.O.S. code change to 653, squad leader. The July 1942 roster listed Nelson’s M.O.S. as 653 but his duty code as 228 (instrument man, surveying). There were no further changes recorded through September 1942, the last month on which duty and M.O.S. were recorded in extant rosters.

Combat in the Mediterranean Theater

Nelson was promoted to sergeant on January 7, 1943. He must have become a section leader at that point.

Journal-Every Evening reported Sergeant Nelson’s death on May 18, 1943.

Sergeant Nelson’s personal effects included a Bible, two prayer books, an Elgin wristwatch, a pair of glasses, a pipe, a French-English dictionary, a swimsuit, and a four-leaf clover.

Sergeant Nelson was initially buried in the II Corps cemetery on August 13, 1943. In 1947, Sergeant Nelson’s widow requested that his body be repatriated to the United States. Nelson’s casket returned to the New York Port of Embarkation aboard the Barney Kirschbaum.

Rebecca Pyle Nelson remarried.

During his career, Sergeant Nelson earned the Medal of Honor, the Purple Heart, the Good Conduct Medal, the American Defense Service Medal, and the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two bronze service stars for the Algeria-French Morocco and Tunisian campaigns. (Distinguished unit badge)

Aviation Cadet Leroy A. Wilkins (1921–1942)

Early Life & Family

Leroy Alvin Wilkins was born in Milford, Sussex County, Delaware, on the morning of August 3, 1921. He was the second child of Leroy Wilkins (a carpenter and later building manager at Milford High School, 1899–1993) and Nellie Wilkins (née Marvel, 1901–1965). He had an older sister, Doris Wilkins (later Greenly, 1919–2013). Wilkins was nicknamed Nehi, apparently after the soft drink.

Wilkins attended school with Charles D. Holzmueller, Jr. (1920–1942), destined to become Milford’s first serviceman lost during World War II when a U-boat sank his vessel on May 2, 1942. Journal-Every Evening reported:

Wilkins and Holzmueller graduated from Milford High School in 1939. Both were well known among sports fans in lower Delaware as members of a Milford school basketball team which was undefeated for two seasons. Wilkins was captain of the team in his senior year, and was also captain of the football team during that year. He was also a member of the town’s baseball team.

A June 13, 1939, Journal-Every Evening article stated:

At a meeting of the Milford High School Alumni Association held yesterday it was decided to present the scholarship fund to Leroy A. Wilkins of this year’s graduating class.

The association presents a sum of money to a member of the graduating class every year who is worthy and outstanding in school work to assist that scholar towards a higher education.

The paper later reported that “Wilkins attended the University of Delaware for a year where he also was active in athletics.” His enlistment data card stated that he had completed two years of college, and indeed, he would have needed two years of college to enlist as an aviation cadet at the time that he did.

The Wilkins family was recorded on the census in April 1930 living on East Front Street in Milford. On the next census in April 1940, the family was recorded living at 10 East 2nd Street in Milford.

Military Career

On December 18, 1941, just eight days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Wilkins enlisted as an aviation cadet in the U.S. Army Air Forces in Wilmington, Delaware. Given the application process to become an aviation cadet, it is likely that he had already volunteered before the attack.

According to his sister’s statement for State of Delaware Public Archives Commission, Aviation Cadet Wilkins began his training at Maxwell Field, Alabama, where he remained until January 1942. He then moved to Ocala, Florida. In March 1942, he transferred to Greenville Army Flying School, Mississippi. She wrote that in May 1942, he transferred to Craig Field, near Selma, Alabama. On the other hand, The Selma Times-Journal reported that Wilkins had arrived at Craig Field on June 2, 1942. By July 9, 1942, he had accumulated 169 hours and 35 minutes of flight time, including 39 hours and 20 minutes in the North American AT-6A Texan trainer.

At Craig Field, Wilkins joined the Cadet Detachment, 382nd School Squadron.

The Wilmington Morning News reported on July 14, 1942, that the day before, “City stores were closed and the American flag in Plaza Square lowered to half-mast today during the funeral service for Leroy A. Wilkins, Jr.” The paper added:

The body arrived here yesterday [July 12, 1942], accompanied by Thomas Bennett, a classmate of Wilkins, who also is stationed at Craig Field. A military funeral was held previously at the Army base.

The Rev. Marion A. Hungerford, pastor of Calvary Methodist Church, conducted the service at the home of the youth’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. Leroy A. Wilkins, Sr.

His sister’s posthumous brother-in-law was Orlando Greenly.

Wilkins is honored at the University of Delaware’s World War II memorial in Newark, and at Veterans Memorial Park in New Castle, Delaware.

Why on hold: Flight records and looking for photo.

Private (John) Willard Chandler (1917–1943)

*Willard Chandler (Courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives)*

Military Career

After he was drafted, Chandler was inducted into the U.S. Army on April 2, 1941. His enlistment data card was one of approximately 13% that could not be digitized. However, his mother told the State of Delaware Public Archives Commission that her son joined the Army at Trenton, New Jersey. Indeed, selectees typically had their initial induction at Trenton and after a delay of a few days to a few weeks, went on active duty at Fort Dix, New Jersey. After a brief time at the reception center there, many were dispatched to basic training facilities, mostly in the South. Especially in the early 1940s, however, they sometimes were assigned directly to a unit for training.

A unit roster indicates that in May 1942, Private Chandler joined Battery “B,” 169th Field Artillery Battalion, 43rd Infantry Division at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The 169th Field Artillery Battalion was activated there on February 19, 1942, following the breakup of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment. At the time, all the noncommissioned officers in the unit were federalized guardsmen, as were many of the rest of the enlisted men. However, as time went on, vacancies were mostly replaced by draftees. The battalion was equipped with 105-mm howitzers.

Monthly rosters from June through September 1942 describe Private Chandler’s military occupational specialty (M.O.S.) code as 745, rifleman, suggesting he qualified as one during earlier training. However, since Field Artillery units did not have any riflemen, his duty code during those months was listed as 351. The usual meaning of that code was bookkeeping machine operator. It is unclear what a 351 would have done in the context of a Field Artillery unit. There were men who performed fire control computations, but these were in the headquarters batteries, and at a grade higher than private. Eventually, he probably requalified with an M.O.S. specific to Field Artillery, possibly whatever 351 meant.

Combat in the Pacific Theater

In a historical report, Lieutenant Colonel Wilber E. Bradt wrote:

On the 11–12 September 1943 the Battalion (less Battery “A”) moved from the New Georgia mainland to Piru Plantation on Ondongo Island and took over positions occupied by Batteries of the 140th Field Artillery Battalion. The occupation of position was most unusual in that the exchange of Batteries was effected without interfering with the firing. This was accomplished by substituting the base piece of the 140th Field Artillery Battalion Battery and while the remainder of the Battery of the 140th Field Artillery Battalion continued to fire, the base piece of the Battery of this Battalion was registered on the base point. The registration completed, the remaining three howitzers of each Battery were exchanged and the firing taken up by this Battalion. This procedure was employed both on the 11th September 1943, when Battery “B” relieved Battery “A”, 140th Field Artillery Battalion and on the 12th September 1943 when Battery “C”, relieved Battery “C”, 140th Field Artillery Battalion.

Ondongo is actually a peninsula rather than an island.

Private Chandler was killed in action early on September 12, 1943. In an operations report, Lieutenant Colonel Wilber E. Bradt wrote:

At 0330, 12 September, Battery “B” while engaged in firing a night harassing mission had a premature burst from the #4 howitzer. The round burst about 50 feet from the muzzle, killed one man, wounded three, and damaged the #3 howitzer. Shell high explosive, fuze M54 set for percussion action was being fired at the time and it is believed that the round had not been accurately set on safe. The battery had arrived at the position late in the afternoon and the ammunition had been prepared after dark.

The wounded were three federalized guardsmen from New England: Sergeant Halsey W. Buehler (1921–1967), Sergeant George W. Decoteaux (1917–1976), and Private Anthony DeMaio (1918–1999).

Technician 5th Grade Hiram J. McRae (1918–1945)

Hiram Johnson McRae was born in Alabama on March 23, 1918.

His foster mother was Louise McRae (later Louise McRae Crittendon) of Columbus, Georgia, sister Essie Bostic (born Alabama c. 1909, spouse Erelzia Bostic, children Dorthy and Erelzia Jr.) of Newark, New Jersey. He was Protestant according to his dog tags.

He was living in New Castle County, Delaware, when he entered the service. After McRae was drafted, he joined the U.S. Army in Camden, New Jersey, on July 23, 1942. Many selectees were briefly transferred to the Enlisted Reserve Corps on inactive duty for a few weeks to wrap up matters in their civilian lives. Private McRae went on active duty on or about August 5, 1942, when he was attached to Receiving Company “E,” 1229th Reception Center, Fort Dix, New Jersey.

Around August 18, 1942, he was attached unassigned to Company “C,” 8th Engineer Training Battalion, Engineer Replacement Training Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. He went absent without leave (A.W.O.L.) from October 5–9, 1942.

On October 24 or 25, 1942, Private McRae was released from attachment to Company “C.”

Payroll records indicate that McRae was paid at Camp Stoneman, California—staging area for the San Francisco Port of Embarkation—on November 2, 1942; November 30, 1942; and December 31, 1942. He went overseas on January 23, 1943.

On February 14, 1943, McRae joined Company “B,” 811th Engineer Aviation Battalion, a segregated unit with black enlisted men and white officers. The 811th had been activated at Langley Field, Virginia, on December 1, 1941. Enlisted cadre transferred into the unit from the 94th Engineer Battalion (Separate), as well as from Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The unit went overseas soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, shipping out on January 23, 1942. Their convoy arrived in Melbourne, Australia, on February 26, 1942. The following month, the battalion arrived at Nouméa, New Caledonia, which was under Free French control and would soon become one of the largest Allied bases in the South Pacific. The battalion primary built and maintained airfields. Occasionally they constructed roads and railroads, and transported crated aircraft from the port to assembly areas. Service in the South Pacific, at the end of very long supply lines, required a certain degree of improvisation, as a unit history observed at the conclusion of two years on New Caledonia:

Having fixed the roads, they drove their trucks over them for more than eleven million miles. The mechanics had their own opinion of those miles. It was their duty to keep in running order vehicles which had not been new when they were put aboard, and it was nothing unusual to see one trundling about with its third engine and its second speedometer. No one gave it a second thought, any more than they gave a second thought to using salvaged aircraft armor for patching material, or tailoring a truck motor to fit a grader when the grader’s own motor gave out.

McRae was promoted from private to technician 5th grade on April 8, 1943. Later that year, McRae was hospitalized at the 31st Station Hospital. His condition was severe enough that he was transferred to Detachment of Patients, 31st Station Hospital, effective November 29, 1943. After recovering, he was transferred back to his unit on December 31, 1943, rejoining Company “B” at 1300 hours that afternoon. On February 24, 1944, McRae was temporarily appointed to the grade of corporal. This was not a promotion per se, since both were the same pay grade, although by that time a corporal had the authority of a noncommissioned officer whereas a technician 5th grade did not.

On March 23, 1944, the 811th shipped out for Guadalcanal. A unit history stated that 72% of the unit “were charter members” who had been with the unit since 1941, meaning McRae was among the 28% of personnel who were replacements.

After arriving at Guadalcanal on April 1, 1944, the men of the 811th performed general construction work while assigned to the Thirteenth Air Force. Their projects included building a camp, a flagpole, quarters at a hospital, a bridge, runway maintenance, and a new tower at Carney Field. They also performed work improving the drainage at various installations. Perhaps tongue-in-cheek, the unit history for April 1944 recorded that “None of the projects were particularly noteworthy except one priority 1 AA – RUSH assignment which arrived at noon and instructed us to produce by four that afternoon, one volleyball court for the Commanding General.”

The battalion also built a tennis court and a baseball field, and a battalion garden for the unit’s men to supplement their rations by growing fresh produce for themselves. The unit history noted (A0246 pg. 193):

The battalion garden fulfilled its promise by providing sweet corn, watermelon, cantaloupe, egg plant and assorted greens to the mess tables. The corn was excellent, better in fact that much that is sold in markets at home, since this is fresh picked. The Battalion Surgeon found it expensive. A skeptic by instinct and training, he had bet five dollars that it would not come up to its name of “Sixty-Day Corn”, only to have a steaming ear set before him on the sixtieth day.

On June 18, 1944, men of the unit responded when a B-25 ditched near the Company “C” camp, helping to rescue the crewmembers half an hour before crash trucks and ambulances arrived.

A hospital admission card indicates McRae was briefly hospitalized for colic in July 1944.

The main body of the 811th shipped out for Honolulu, Hawaii, on September 21, 1944, aboard the U.S.A.T. Cape Meares, arriving there on October 4, 1944. The unit was briefly stationed at Hickam Field before moving to Bellows Field (apparently as a result of a false accusation that the men of the unit had been in involved in “a disturbance in the civilian workers barracks – half mile down the road from our location.”). The move was not reversed, though the unit did work all across Oahu at Kwaloa, Kipapa, Hickam, and Wheeler, as well as Bellows.

Company “B” began training at the Jungle Training Area (Jungle Unit Training Center?) beginning on December 10, 1944. This training included amphibious operations and the use of various weapons, including one just issued to the battalion: the M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage, a halftrack equipped with a quadruple .50 machine gun turret. The training, and extra firepower perhaps hinted that their next assignment would be more hazardous. (Unit records appear missing February – April 1945)

It appears that the unit shipped out from Hawaii on or about March 28, 1945, and arrived on Iwo Jima on April 20, 21, or 22, 1945, and was assigned to VII Fighter command. (A0246, pg. 217)

The unit history reported:

The announcement of peace was received here, as elsewhere on the Island, with a curious quiet. The first broadcast at 2200 woke the camp out of its slumbers and there was sporadic cheering as area after area got the news. Nobody slept much after that. Next day the radios were crowded with listeners. When the final announcement came through, most hearers heaved a deep sigh and walked off with a rather groggy expression. There was no work that day and very little the next. There were ball games, which were well attended, but for the most part everyone sat back and relaxed. Almost everyone complained of a hollow feeling inside, as though something important had vanished overnight.

Work continued, albeit “on a greatly curtailed schedule.”

Technician 5th Grade McRae suffered a skull fracture in a vehicle accident on Iwo Jima. He died on September 2, 1945, the same day Japanese representatives signed the instrument of surrender in Tokyo Bay. He was initially buried in the 4th Marine Division Cemetery on Iwo Jima on September 3, 1945.

His personnel effects included his wallet, a Lucite pendant, a deck of playing cards, his unemployment compensation and draft registration cards, two rings, two New Zealand florins, three Bibles, 19 cowrie shells, $116.34, and 269 personal letters.

The Army attempted to reach Technician 5th Grade McRae’s sister, and then his foster mother through the American Red Cross. The Red Cross contacted Louise McRae to have her fill out the disposition paperwork. She wrote a notarized letter to the Office of the Quartermaster General dated May 13, 1948:

          After careful consideration I have decided that I would not have my son’s remains returned to the States.

          He was my foster-son, and now that he has been interred overseas, I am satisfied with the arrangements.

          I do not care to complete forms.

Edna Mattox of the American Red Cross wrote the Office of the Quartermaster General Memorial Division on October 13, 1948:

Our Columbus, Georgia, chapter worker advises that Mrs. Louise McRae Crittenden states the serviceman was never legally adopted by her. The decedent was given to her by a brother who had obtained him from the boy’s mother. Efforts to locate the boy’s mother have been unsuccessful.

McRae was buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii on November 23, 1949.

Although McRae entered the service from Wilmington, Delaware, the Adjutant General’s Office report of death listed his home address as “Wilmington, N. C.” The error may have originally been due to some paperwork using N. C. as an abbreviation for New Castle County, or because Wilmington, North Carolina, is a better known city than Wilmington, Delaware. Regardless, his headstone erroneously lists North Carolina as his state of residence.

Why on hold: Waiting for release of 1945 morning reports to the National Archives Catalog to complete reconstruction of his military history

If you have materials that may help me finish any of these articles, please contact me.

Last updated on July 27, 2026